See also 'Central & Eastern Europe', 'Balkans', 'Mediterranean'

• Europe (provides access to the Bibliothèque nationale de France’s collection, generally or by country) {February, 2017}
• Europe (111 maps of the Rhine, i.e. concentrating on Germany and the surrounding areas, from the Fritz Hellwig collection, enlargeable to very high res., arranged in an alphabetical list by map title; more are to be added - dlibri, Landesbibliothekszentrum Rheinland-Pfalz, Koblenz) {September, 2009}
• Europe. 'Antique Maps Gallery' (seven 19th-century, enlargeable, high res. maps of Germany, Greece, Italy and Turkey - Christos Nüssli) {February, 2003}
• Europe. 'Carte Générale des Postes de l'Europe' (enlargeable, high res. images of John Rocque's wall map of the roads of Europe (Sayer, 1781) - Christos Nüssli) {February, 2003}
• Europe. 'Cartographies' (a small selection of large 18th & 19th century maps of the countries of Europe and the Mediterranean; you can bring up pre-selected sections at fairly high res. - euratlas) {April, 2006}
• Europe. 'Chart Room. Wildernis Kaartenkamer' (a large collection [3,702?] of maps (many as selections from early atlases), covering various parts of Europe, to illustrate a site about modern 'wilderness'; it seems to be in an early stage of development, with a choice between medium res. images or high res. versions that may take 30 minutes to load; there is little internal navigation and apparently no indexing, statement of responsibility or date) {November, 2010}
• Europe. Coasts. Het nievwe licht der zeevaert : Ofte havenwyser van de Oostersche, Noordsche en Westersche zeen (published by Willem Jansz Blaeu, 1634 – New York Public Library) {March, 2022}
• Europe. ‘A collection of plans of fortifications and battles, 1684-1709’ (an atlas factice of 117 maps and plans by Anna Beeck and Gaspar de Baillieu, enlargeable to high res. – Library of Congress) {March, 2016}
• Europe. 'Digitální knihovna map' (232 maps, some multi-sheet [in all 558 scans], largely focused on the Czech lands but covering much of Europe as well, enlargeable with Zoomify to very high res. - Vedecké knihovny v Olomouci [Olomouc Research Library] {January, 2011}
• Europe. Erhard Etzlaub 'Der Romweg' (a high res. scan of the hand-coloured example, the oldest surviving impression of this important map - Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Munich) {May, 2009}
• Europe. Europeana a search for 'maps', etc found half a million medium res. images (at September 2017) from a range of institutions) {January, 2009; revised September 2017}
• Europe. 'Garnisonkarte von Mitteleuropa' (high res. image of the 1897 map) {July, 2005}
• Europe. ‘GeoPortOst: Thematic and Hidden Maps of Eastern and Southeastern Europe’ (more than 3000 enlargeable maps, 16th-19 century; ‘GeoPortOst synthesizes maps, spatial data, and semantic context within a new spatial information system’; also a ‘Catalog of Hidden Maps’ (more than 30,000 entries - Leibniz Institute for East and Southeast European Studies Research Regensburg (IOS)) {June, 2018}
• Europe. H.C. Berann (bibliography, with sample illustrations, of the entire oeuvre of 566 ‘panorama’ maps (mostly of Austria, Italy and Switzerland) by Heinrich Caesar Berann [1915-99] - Matthias Troyer) {September, 2004}
• Europe. ‘Historical-Geographical Encyclopedia of the World (1880-1898): Historical Maps’ (a single alphabetical index leads to high res. images of late 19th century maps of countries (47) and cities (88) [mostly European] - Hanno Kolbe, Hic Leones) {February, 2005}
• Europe. Mercator Atlas of Europe (early 1570s) (the entire atlas, which includes his wall-maps of Europe (1554) and the British Isles (1564) - British Library, Online Gallery, Virtual Book: Images Only, with Audio via Windows Media Player). [See also the Turning the Pages version] {March, 2015; updated March 2016}
• Europe. Mercator Atlas of Europe. 'Facsimile Maps from the Mercator Atlas of Europe' (scroll down to a list of the low res. maps - Walking Tree Press, 1998)
• Europe. Mercator's Europae Descriptio (the 1572 Mercator wall-map, presented in three horizontal strips [click on the 'next page' pop-up for the lower sections], enlargeable to very high res. - Universitätsbibliothek Basel) {July, 2013}
• Europe. 'Moll's Map Collection' (featuring the 'Atlas Austriacus' and 'Atlas Germanicus': 12,000 maps, MS. & printed, collected in the 1740s and 1750s by the German diplomat Bernhard Paul Moll; enlargeable to high res.; with text in Czech, English and German - Moravské zemské muzeum, Brno) {January, 2016}
• Europe. Road maps. 'Petrol Maps: Mapping the history of oil company road maps in Europe' (select, e.g. 'Brands', for over 80 pages 'looking in detail at the maps produced by each brand of petrol' - low res. images, from Ian Byrne)
• Europe. ‘Russian Military Topographic Map Collection’ (more than 1000 (our of 4,000, 1883-1947) have been digitised, mostly focused on Russia and Eastern Europe but extending more widely – see the interactive Index map - Indiana University) {February, 2018}
• Europe. Siege plans. 'Fort Europa: Belegeringen en vestingen in kaart gebracht' (100 cartographic documents relating to sieges, 1600-1835; select 'Detailweergave' for high res. scans; text in Dutch - Universiteitsbibliotheek Utrecht) {April, 2015}
• + Europe. Tourism. 'The Grand Tour and Development of Tourism, 1600 to 1900' (including a selection of maps enlargeable to high res. - Yolanda Theunissen, exhibition at the Osher Map Library, University of Southern Maine, Oct. 2011-Apr. 2012) {November, 2011}
• Europe. Town plans. 'Historic Cities' (enlargeable, very high res. images of over 500 early city plans (August 2003) comprising 200 images from Braun & Hogenberg, and others from Breydenbach, Schedel, Münster, Coronelli, Pinargenti, etc., searchable by city, author and date, with special features, such as a 'Paris Stroll' (1572) and sequences on individual cities, e.g. 'Ancient maps of Jerusalem', and St Petersburg - Historic Cities Center of the Department of Geography, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and the Jewish National and University Library). See also under Web Projects {August 2003}
• Europe. Town plans - see also Web Images ('Themes') - Towns
• Europe. Transportation. 'European Transportation Maps of the 19th Century' (a selection of about 25 maps, enlargeable to high res. via Zoomify - University of Chicago Library) {March, 2012}
• Europe. World War 1. Trenches on the web (a selection of medium res. images, mostly of France, 'reproduced from sets published by The Battery Press in conjunction with the Imperial War Museum') {April, 2001}
• Arctic. ‘The Northern Lights Route’ (click on ‘A collection of maps’ for 10 images, enlargeable to medium res. - University Library, Tromsö, 1999) {March, 2005}
• Austria-Hungary. '3rd Military Mapping Survey of Austria-Hungary' (fairly high res. images (apparently at the original size) of the 267 sheets of the general map of Central Europe (1:200 000), published (?) in the period 1889-1915; the listing for each sheet includes publication date and the surveyors involved, with some commentary in German; access is via the listing or an index map - Eötvös Loránd University, Department of Cartography and Geoinformatics) {August, 2005}
• Austria-Hungary. 'Historische Karten der Habsburger Monarchie' (comprising the three Austrian surveys (Josephinische Landesaufnahme, the Franziszeische Landesaufnahme and the Franzisco-Josephinische Landesaufnahme), the survey of the Austrian Netherlands and the Kingdom of Hungary, maps and plans of Budapest and a part of the Franziszeischer Kataster, enlargeable to high res. and viewable with Google Earth - Österreichische Nationalbibliothek) {January, 2015}
• Austria-Hungary. ‘Osztrák-Magyar Monarchia vármegyéi a XX. szd. elején’ (high res. images of parallel sequences of maps, c. 1904-30, at approx. 1:400,000, covering selected provinces of the Empire - Eötvös Loránd University, Department of Cartography and Geoinformatics) {December, 2004}
• Austria-Hungary see also separately under Austria and Hungary below
• Black Sea. 'Pont Euxin, Crimée, Palus Méotide' (traced (?) outlines from charts of different periods, attributed to Jean-Baptiste d'Anville or his son-in-law Jean-Denis Barbié du Bocage, Bibliothèque nationale de France, GE DD 3488 (nos 1-47)) {April, 2012}
• Central Europe. '18th-Century Maps of Central Europe' (a sizeable collection. enlargeable to high res. - University of Chicago Library) {February, 2016}
• Central & Eastern Europe (51 high res. maps from the Comprehensive Atlas and Geography of the World (published by Blackie and Sons, 1882) - FEEFHS East European Map Room)
• Central & Eastern Europe (12 medium res., slow-loading, maps - mostly by Rollos 1766 - Yale University Library) {October, 2001}
• Eastern Europe, Series N501, 1:250,000, U.S. Army Map Service, 1948- (high res. images - University of Texas Libraries) {April, 2010}
• Mediterranean see below in the main sequence under 'M'
• Northern Europe, Series M515, 1:250,000, U.S. Army Map Service, 1951- (high res. images - University of Texas Libraries) {April, 2010}
• South-eastern Europe. 'Historical maps of south-eastern Europe' (a few high res. details, mostly of Hungary) {January, 2002}
• Western Europe, Series M501, 1:250,000, U.S. Army Map Service, 1959- (high res. images - University of Texas Libraries) {April, 2010}

---

• Alps see under Austria, and Switzerland
• + Austria. Alps. ‘Crossing Boundaries: Art//Maps’ (enlargeable images with captions; exhibition curated by Janet Spitz at the Leventhal Map & Education Center, Boston Public Library, October 2018 - April 2019) {January, 2019}
• Austria – Tyrol. ‘Peter Anich & Blasius Hueber: Tyrolis Sub Felici Regimine Mariae Theresiae Rom. Imper. Aug. Chorographice Delineata a Petro Anich et Blasio Hueber Colonis . . . 1774’ (the 20-sheet wall-map, enlargeable to high res. - Barry Lawrence Ruderman Antique Maps) {August, 2017}
• Austria – Vienna. ‘Urban Change in Time’ [UCIT] (a range of topographic maps, 1763-present) {December, 2017}
• Austria - Vienna. 'Wien Kulturgut' (City government of Vienna) {January, 2008}
• Austria see also under Austria-Hungary (in the first, general, section above) and Hungary (below)
• + Balkans. 'Balkan in kaart: vijf eeuwen strijd om identiteit' (click on 'Tentoonstelling' for links to 47 high res. maps, with extended captions (in Dutch) - Universiteitsbibliotheek, Leiden, 2003) {February, 2004}
• Balkans (high res. images, with the ability to zoom, enlarge and select details - Map Collection, University of Melbourne)
• Baltic Sea. Russian Cartography of the Baltic Sea: Eighteenth Century: Atlas of the Baltic Sea by Aleksei Nagaev, 1757 (clicking on a main link in the central panel, or a title in the right panel, produces a medium res., slow-loading JPEG image; clicking instead on the "(hres)" link beside the link title in the central column produces a large, scrollable high res., but very slow-loading GIF image - Pellervo Kokkonen) {July, 2001 - amendment}
• Baltic Sea. 'Uncovering the past of the Baltic Sea countries (1450-1800)' (18 high res. maps and plans: a group on Finland, also including, Gdansk, Karlskrona, Pärnu, Riga, River Elbe, Saaremaa, Stralsund, Wismar - collaborative Baltic Connections Project) {June, 2008}
• Belarus. ‘Alba Ruthenia: Belarusian History Index: Geographical’ (a gateway site, with sections, ‘Maps for historians’ and ‘City Maps’ [including links for Lithuania, Poland and Russia] - part of the WWW-VL) {March, 2005}
• Belarus. 'Maps of Belarus' (mostly historical but a few original maps - Virtual Guide to Belarus) {December, 2003}
• Belgium (enlargeable, very high res. city plans, images from eight collections by Beaulieu, late 17th century - Kyoto University Library) {November, 2002}
• Belgium. ‘Archief van de landmetersfamilie de Bersacques online raadpleegbaar’ (for a note in English about the material in the State Archives in Kortrijk see ’The archives of the Bersacques family of surveyors are available online’, from the Brussels Map Circle) {October, 2021}
• Belgium. Belgian State Archives (select ‘Search engines’, ‘Search archives’ for 23,423 digital images of primitive cadastral maps and 61,530 digital images of the minutes of measurement setting the municipal boundaries) {December 2017}
• Belgium. 'Belgium - Second World War military mapping' (enlargeable to high res.; comprising sheets of GSGS 4042 (1:250,000) - 1937-42, GSGS 4336 (1:100,000) - 1942-43 & GSGS 4040 (1:50,000) - 1943-44 - National Library of Scotland) {February, 2016}
• Belgium. 'Belgium - Second World War military mapping - geo-referenced mosaics' (the 'maps were created by the Geographical Section of the General Staff (GSGS)' ... and the 'georeferenced and mosaiced layers were created as part of a project on military aerial imagery held by The Aerial Reconnaissance Archives, based at RCAHMS' - National Library of Scotland) {June, 2009}
• Belgium. Cartesius. ‘Maps, plans, sketches and aerial imagery’ (a selection, enlargeable to high res., covering Belgium and Central Africa online – a cooperation between the National Geographic Institute, the Royal Library, the State Archives and the Royal Museum for Central Africa) {December, 2016}
• Belgium. ‘Exploring the potential of digital historical maps for landscape history: crowdsourcing the Arenberg historical map collection’ (ca. 3,000 high-resolution scanned historical maps from the Arenberg collection, digitized by and held at the Belgian State Archives, will be opened to the 'crowd' in order to establish a spatial database) {May, 2023}
• Belgium. 'Galerie de cartes géographiques anciennes: Tournaisis, Comté de Hainaut' (17 medium to high res. details; first click the red button - Raymond Bulion) {July, 2005}
• Belgium. 'Geopunt-kaart' (select 'historische kaarten' for very high res. historical map overlays, 1712-1879, by Fricx, Vandermaelen, Ferraris, or Popp (instructions in Flemish) - Agentschap voor Geografische Informatie Vlaanderen) {June, 2014}
• Belgium. 'History of the war in France and Belgium, in 1815 : containing minute details of the battles of Quatre-Bras, Ligny, Wavre' (Atlas.2.84.20) (maps and plans from a folio issued to accompany William Siborne’s standard work on Waterloo, History of the war in France and Belgium, in 1815 - Cambridge University Library) {April, 2015}
• Belgium. 'Kaart van Ferraris' (the complete set of 275 sheets of the 1777 map by Joseph Jean François, count de Ferraris, enlargeable to high res.; this is one of the three original MS sets of the map, which was then published on 25 sheets - Koninklijke Bibliotheek van België). [Also here; and here] {May, 2009}
• Belgium. 'KBR Belgica' (images of a small selection of manuscript and printed maps - Bibliothèque royale de Belgique) {September, 2009}
• Belgium. 'Patrimoine Cartographique de Wallonie' (15,454 cartographic documents of various types, viewable in high res. MrSID format, once you have downloaded the DjVu Plug-in; searchable only in French at this stage, by first selecting 'Walloniae' [the southern, French-speaking part of Belgium] or 'hors [outside] Wallonie', then selecting from a place-name index; comprising: matrices Popp (12,882 images), Plans Popp (768 files), topographic maps (1054 files), cartographic and topographic postcards (750 images) - Ministère wallon de l'Equipement et des Transports) {August, 2002}
• Belgium. 'Plans et profils du département du Nord et de la Belgique' (medium res. images, from a Beaulieu atlas, covering Cambrai, Flanders, Hainaut and Namur - Vincent Boez) {August, 2005}
• Belgium. Towns. Frederick de Wit. ‘Theatrum ichnographicum omnium urbium et præcipuorum oppidorum Belgicarum XVII Provinciarum peraccurate delineatarum’ (c. 1698, 126 town plans of the Low Countries, enlargeable to high res.; to enter click on ‘Bekijk dit digitale topstuk’ – Royal Library, The Hague) {January, 2017}
• Belgium - Flanders. ‘Les Moulins: Plans et Cartes’ (nine high res. map details, 16th-19th century, showing the sites of windmills in ‘Flanders’ [S. Belgium and N. France], relating to the genealogy of the Morel family) {December, 2004}
• Belgium - Liège. 'Anciens plans et cartes' (six low to medium res. plans - Fabrice Muller) {January, 2006}
• Belgium – Limburg. ‘Collectie Smeets, Limburgse kaartencollectie vanaf de zestiende eeuw online raadpleegbaar’ (94 maps of the province that spans Belgium and the Netherlands, enlargeable to very high res. - Rijckheyt: Centrum voor regionale geschiedenis) {January, 2019}
• Belgium – Namur. ‘NEPTUN. NumErisation du PaTrimoine de l’Université de Namur’ (99 maps, enlargeable to high res.) {July, 2017}
• Bohemia, see under Czech Republic below
• BRITISH ISLES
• Crimea. ‘Florence Nightingale the Angel of the Crimea’ (an illustrated note by Magdalena Peszko, 12 May 2020) {May, 2020}
• Croatia. 'Collectio Felbar' (commentaries, in German, on about 140 illustrated maps: [click on one of the headings, e.g. 'Deutsche Kartographie', to reach a sub-menu]; NB none of the low to medium res. illustrations available February 2008) {May, 2002; updated February 2008}
• Croatia. 'Stare karte Hrvatske' (563 medium res. maps including Croatia, text in Croatian - National and University Library, Zabreb) {September, 2007}
• Cyprus (27 high res. maps, 1562-1914 - Bank of Cyprus Cultural Foundation) [also to be found here]
• Cyprus 1:50,000. Series M704 (4242), U.S. Army Map Service, 1941 (12 high res. sheets, University of Texas at Austin, Perry-Castañeda Library Map Collection) {March, 2015}
• Cyprus. 'Cyprus Map Collections' (via the [Select category] menu, select a mapmaker or 'category' for a selection of items with brief descriptions and small illustrations [which it seems to be theoretically possible to enlarge] - Bank of Cyprus Cultural Foundation) {August, 2005}
• Cyprus. ‘Kitchener's Survey of Cyprus, 1882’ (the 15 sheets, surveyed 1878-82, published 1885, enlargeable to very high res. - National Library of Scotland) {February, 2017}
• Cyprus. Kitchener. ‘Web application for viewing Lord Kitchener's maps of Cyprus’ (register to enter the site of the project, ‘Creation of the Cartographic Database and Development of a Web Application Presenting the Geographic Information of Kitchener's Map of the Island of Cyprus (edition 1885)’: Geography Department of Harokopio University, with funding from the Sylvia Ioannou Foundation) {February, 2017}
• Cyprus. Sylvia Ioannou Charitable Foundation Digital Library (‘rare books and maps, historical and travel texts, incunabula and manuscripts related to Cyprus and the Eastern Mediterranean’; full text, enlargeable versions of the books; ‘Filters: Maps’ produced 50 images) {January, 2020}
• Cyprus. The Sylvia Ioannou Foundation (use the 'Books & Maps Search' for '80 or so' maps up to 1885; entering nothing in the search brings up a browsing sequence of images, enlargeable via a moving magnifying glass; see also the brief note, Cyprus Cartography) {March, 2011}
• Cyprus. '"van de beste eylanden eene". The Dutch mapping of Cyprus' (37 maps, 16th-18th century, including some van Keulen manuscript charts, in high res., with descriptive notes - Martijn Storms & Hans Tisseur, Leiden University Library) {November, 2011}
• Czech Republic. 'Digitální knihovna map' (232 maps, some multi-sheet [in all 558 scans], largely focused on the Czech lands but covering much of Europe as well, enlargeable with Zoomify to very high res. - Vedecké knihovny v Olomouci [Olomouc Research Library] {January, 2011}
• Czech Republic. 'Historické mapy zemí Koruny Ceské' (a selection of early maps, enlargeable to high res. with commentary in Czech - Czech Technical University, 2006) {October, 2012}
• Czech Republic. 'Mapová sbírka Prírodovedecké fakulty UK' (10,226 maps, enlargeable to high res. [out of, it seems, an eventual total of 18,700], the earlier material apparently having a global coverage - Charles University, Prague [Univerzita Karlova v Praze]) {April, 2013}
• Czech Republic. Prague, Charles University Map Collection. 'Digital Maps and Atlases' (search for 26,000 items, apparently visible only in medium res.) {December, 2015}
• Czech Republic. ‘Presentation of old maps covering the area of Czechia, Moravia and Silesia’ (images from the 1st (1764-83) and 2nd (1819-58) Military Surveys and Johann Christoph Müller’s Survey (1716 & 1720), enlargeable to high res. - Jan Dušek, Geoinformatics Laboratory, University of J.E.Purkyne) {March, 2005}
• Czech Republic. 'Staré mapy Ceských zemí' (16 maps, 1518-1957, with commentary, enlargeable to high res., though slow-loading) {July, 2002}
• Czech Republic. ‘Ústrední archiv zememerictví a katastru’ (five high res. maps, 1843-1943, as samples of different types - Ceský úrad zememerický a katastrální) {March, 2005}
• Denmark. 'Copperplates from Resens Atlas Danicus 1677' (the entire atlas, with 109 maps and plans, viewable, in high res., via DJVu Browser Plug-in - Royal Library, Copenhagen) {July, 2007}
• Denmark. Danish cadastral maps (Select 'Historical Maps Prototype System' for 2,925 high res., enlargeable MrSID images, selectively covering all of Denmark - part of the Digital Historical Maps project. Images can be selected from an index or via a clickable map. There are versions of the site in Danish, English, German and Swedish) {October, 2001}
• Denmark. 'Danmark før og nu' [Denmark today and yesterday] ] (click on "Danmark før og nu" twice (from 'Mest til fritid' on the first screen, and above 'Internet Explorer 5.0' on the second screen) to compare chosen parts of Denmark from an 18th/19th century and a modern map - Kort & Matrikelstyrelsen) {August, 2002}
• Denmark. 'Frederik V's Atlas' (images, viewable in zoomable high res., via the DjVu plugin, from the 55-volume world atlas, comprising 400 maps given to Frederick V at his birth in 1723, expanding to 3,535 plates by the time of his death in 1766; see the 38-page analysis by Ib Rønne Kejlbo: 'Manuscript maps in the Frederik den Femtes Atlas' (1969) - the project started in late 2003 and catalogue descriptions are still to be added [at present, (March 2004) there are no contents lists for the individual volumes] - Royal Library, Copenhagen) {March, 2004}
• Denmark. ‘Go exploring in historical maps’ (‘The digital archive contains approx. 100,000 scanned maps of both current and former Danish areas as well as some other historical maps’; in both Danish and English - Agency for Data Supply and Infrastructure (formerly KMS/National Survey and Cadastre)) {May, 2023}
• + Denmark. ‘Købstadskort på nettet’ (a selection of medium res. scans of manuscript plans of Danish towns and roads (mostly 18th & 19th centuries); in Danish - Danish National Archives) {March, 2007}
• + 'Denmark on the world map' (exhibition at the Royal Library, Copenhagen, presented in the form of a slideshow, 2003; alternatively select from 11 images (enlargeable once the LizardTech software has been downloaded)) {August, 2003}
• Denmark - Aarlborg. ‘Historiske kort’ (in Danish, very high res. images of Målebordsblade (official survey maps), Aeldre bykort (older town maps), Gamle Sognekort (old parish maps); select Vis större billede (show larger image) or Vis originalbilledet (show the original, very high res., image) - Aarlborg Kommune) {December, 2004}
• Denmark - Copenhagen. 'Gamla kartor från Köpenhamn' (enlargeable fairly high res. images of plans of 1659, 1770, 1906 and a view of 1611 - pdf files) {March, 2004}
• Denmark - Copenhagen. ‘Hjortsøe's lokalhistoriske billeder - Gamle bykort’ (a small selection of high res. town plans (some as details), mostly of Copenhagen) {December, 2004}
• Denmark. Københavns Stadsarkiv, 'Kort og tegninger' (700 maps and plans, enlargeable to very high res.; click on ' Kildeviseren' - City Archives of Copenhagen) {December, 2014}
• Denmark - Slesvig. 'Udvalgte historiske Slesvig-kort' (13 maps, 1783-1953 - click the image size link for the whole map and 'udsnit' for a detail, both in high res.) {March, 2004}
• Estonia. 'DIGAR. Eesti Rahvusraamatukogu' (apparently providing access to 243 high res. maps, mainly of Estonia and Northern Europe - National Library of Estonia) {February, 2010}
• Estonia. 'Old Narva Maps. Arhitektuuri ja Linna Planeerimise Amet' (14 medium res. pdf images, 1634-1976) {July, 2005}
• Estonia. 'Ostland Atlas Collection' (an atlas of 52 maps, enlargeable to high res., published by the Nazis in 1942 and 'used in the civil administration of the Eastern territories, including Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania' - Ball State University Digital Collections, Muncie, Indiana) {July, 2008}
• Estonia. 'Register of the maps in the National Archives of Estonia' (75,695 maps have been described and 19,257 digitized, enlargeable to high res.; see also 'Maps as works of art' and also 'Symbols & Terms Used on Historic Maps' - Estonian Rahvusarhiiv) {March, 2012}
• Estonia - Tallinn. 'Tallinna Linnaarhiivi Kaardikogu' (1,099 maps and plans, enlargeable to high res. - Tallinn City Archives) {March, 2012}
• Estonia. ‘Vanad kaardid. Näituse materjalid’ [Old maps. Exhibition materials] (23 maps, 16th-18th century, including the Baltic States, Scandinavia and European Russia [enlargeable, but out of focus] - Tartu University Library) {December, 2004}
• Estonia. ‘Vanu linnaplaane RRis k- Tallinn’ (high res. images of town plans: Tallinn (13 plans), Tartu, Pärnu and Narva (4 plans each - click separate links) - National Library of Estonia) {December, 2004}
• Estonia. ‘Vanad maakaardid Eesti Rahvusraamatukogu kartograafiakogus’ (39 high res. maps of Estonia and Latvia ['Livonia'], the Baltic States, Scandinavia and European Russia, 16th-18th centuries, with commentary in Estonian - National Library of Estonia) {December, 2004}
• Finland. ‘Historiallisia karttalinkkejä Suomesta’ (a good selection of links for the cartographic history of Finland by Jyrki Lehtinen, including a number with images) {December, 2004}
• Finland. '1600-luvun maakirjakartat' ('Cadastral maps of the 17th century': several hundred estate plans, by Jonas and Anders Streng (1634-46), available in three different resolutions, including high res. - see full << http://www.csc.fi/csc/ajankohtaista/uutiset/maakirjakartat-2000-9-4/ > index - text throughout in Finnish - University of Jyväskylä) {March, 2002}
• Finland. 'Central Finland in old maps' (11 enlargeable high res. maps of Central Finland, 16-19th century: land survey, parish, local, hunting maps, etc. - Finnica - Orientation Centre and Network for Finnish Culture and Heritage, Jyväskylä) {July, 2003}
• Finland. ‘Databasen Etnpic’ (low to medium res. images: in ‘Fritext’, seaching for karta produced 57 hits; while the ‘Ämnesord’ [subject] index has entries under several cartographic headings [in Finnish] - Department of Ethnology, Åbo Akademi University, Finland) {December, 2004}
• Finland. The Kalmberg Atlas, 1855 (high res. details - Helsinki University Library, edited by Pauli Kruhse)
• Finland. 'Kartat / Maps' (nearly 1,400 digitised maps, enlargeable to fairly high res., about half from the A.E. Nordenskiöld collection with global coverage (16th-20th century) - National Library of Finland) {February, 2016}
• Finland. ‘Kymenlaakson historialliset kartat [KYHIKA]’ (low res. images of over 1000 "hand drawn maps of Kymenlaakso and nautical charts of the Gulf of Finland (16th to mid 19th century) - a growing collection from the archives of Finland, Sweden and Russia) {December, 2004}
• Finland. MUISTI - 'the joint database of digitized national material of libraries, archives, and museums' [Medium res., with high res. sectional details. Enter under 'Freetext search' kartat; or search for maps via the Index term register - (65 maps of Scandinavia, Europe, etc.)]
• Finland. 'St.Petersburg Environs' (over 70 high res. maps (some handled in sections), 16th-20th century, including the Karelian Isthmus and Finland - also a Russian version - Aleksej Shvarjov) {December, 2003}
• Finland. 'A selection of events and documents on the history of Finland' (links to various images of Finnish maps, on this and other sites - Pauli Kruhse) {November, 2003}
• Finland. 'Suomen kaupunkien karttoja' (high res. images of Finnish towns from Suomen Matkailija-Yhdistyksen Suomi kartasto vuodelta, 1902)
• Finland. ‘Suomenmaan kartta’ (high res. images of the map published by Uschakoff, Weilin & Göös (1898) with index of place-names and (click on ‘in English’) explanatory notes in English and a translation of the map’s key - Pauli Kruhse) {February, 2005}
• Finland (Gulf of). 'Ryssland' (follow links under 'Sjökort' for low res. images of a range of sea charts - VÖBAM) {January, 2006}
• Finland - Helsinki. 'The Historical Maps of Helsinki' (Keir Clarke, 17 July 2015) {July, 2015}
• Finland - Helsinki. Russian military topographical maps of Helsinki, 1902-11 (high res. images - Pauli Kruhse)
• Finland - Karelia. 'Karjalan kartat' (high res. images of selected sheets from a number of 20th century topographical map series from the National Land Survey of Finland, with brief historical notes in Finnish and Swedish - 2002) {January, 2004}
• France. 'Patrimoine numérique: Catalogue des collections numérisées' (select 'Type de document' and it retrieves 'Cartes et plans' (245), 'Cadastre' (100), giving details of 1125 collections from 453 institutions (mostly archives and libraries); this is a massive resource, giving descriptive and statistical information on each collection, and thus linking to tens of thousands of images) {November, 2006}
• France. ‘La France en cartes’ (provides access to the Bibliothèque nationale de France’s collection, by date, geography or the Cassini map) {February, 2017}
• France (5 medium res., slow-loading, maps, 1575-1766 - Yale University Library) {October, 2001}
• France. Atlas et description minéralogiques de la France (by Jean-Etienne Guettard (1780); scans of all 253 pages, the text just legible, the map sheets (223 onwards) not legible - University of Strasbourg) {February, 2007}
• France. 'L’atlas aux sphinx d’or' (a 16-volume collection, comprising over 1,200 maps, enlargeable to very high res., arranged geographically and covering the whole world (with five volumes devoted to France), created in 1749 by the Parisian geographer Jean de Beaurain for Marie Joseph Savalette de Buchelay and known as the 'Collection Beaurain- Savalette-Dezauche', with maps from 1573 onwards though mostly from the 18th century with a few later additions, and mostly by French authors - Bibliothèque national de France, Département des Cartes et plans) {January, 2014}
• France. 'Atlas de Trudaine' (a 65-volume MS atlas of existing or planned routes in France, running to 3,100 plates, prepared for Daniel-Charles Trudaine, administrateur des Ponts et Chaussées, 1740-80, covering the most important roads across the country - ARCHIM, la banque d'images numériques du Centre historique des Archives nationales). The following have been placed on the web as high res. images, each with a hyperlinked description: {May, 2003}
• Bourges (41 images)
• Caen (32 images)
• Chalons (106 images)
• Hainaut-Cambrésis (87 images)
• Lyon (39 entries, several multiple)
• Paris (11 images)
• France. Blaeu. ‘Le theatre du monde, ou, Nouuel atlas’ (volume 2 of the 1650 French edition, covering France (in detail), Spain, Asia and America – Leventhal Map Center, Boston Public Library) {August, 2017}
• France. 'Cartes anciennes' (links for French image sites; with a section for Paris ('cartes anciennes') - Xavier Nègre) {May, 2005; updated May 2007}
• France. 'Cartes d’Etat-major' (choose 'Produits / Cartes anciennes' for 978 original survey sheets at 1:40,000 (1818-66), in (apparently) high res.; requires the Microsoft Vector Graphics Rendering add-on - Institut géographique national) {February, 2012}
• France. Cassini. 'Carte de Cassini (XVIIIe siècle)' (Institut géographique national) {March, 2016}
• France. Cassini. ‘La carte de Cassini’, 1756-1815 (the 180-sheet map in full colour, Bibliothèque nationale de France) {March, 2016}
• France. Cassini. ‘Des villages de Cassini aux communes d'aujourd'hui’ (a large, complex (and still developing) site, dealing in some detail with the Cassini map and the subsequent mapping of France, offering a single, scrollable, high res. version of the first edition of the Cassini map (select ‘Navigation’); dealing with administrative and demographic development over two centuries; including a 62,000 item index, details on each commune and a Glossaire with historical definitions of administrative terms - Bibliothèque nationale de France and others) {February, 2005}
• France. Cassini. 'L'Auvergne en cartes de Cassini' (a selection of sheets in medium res. - Andrée Parbelle) {August, 2005}
• France. Cassini.‘Carte de Cassini’, 1750-1815 (see under ‘Atlases of Europe & Africa’ for the link to high res. images of all 210 sheets, on the David Rumsey Map Collection site [for further details about this site see Large general sites]) {May, 2004}
• France. Cassini. 'Carte de France / levée par ordre du roy' (all 182 sheets, enlargeable to high res. with JPEG2000 - Library of Congress) {September, 2007}
• France. Cassini. 'Cartes anciennes de géographie: Liste des cartes de Cassini, classées par région' (an index of the Cassini map sheets arranged by region, leading to high res. scans - B. Fichet) {August, 2005}
• France. Cassini. ‘Les cartes de Cassini’ (click beside ‘Visualisation des cartes de Cassini’ for a clickable index map, enlargeable to medium res. [further enlargement was not permitted but this may be possible] - Cyber Papy) {September, 2004}
• France. Cassini. ‘Carte de France divisée en XXXI gouvernements militaires et en ses provinces’ (title and the 24 sheets of the map by C-F. Cassini de Thury, 1756, enlargeable to high res. - Bibliothèque nationale de France ‘Gallica’) {September, 2004}
• France. Catalogue des fonds culterels numérisés [en France] (describing a number of digitisation projects in France involving early maps, most available only locally or via CD-ROM - selecting 'Recherche croisée', then 'Choisir un type de document' = 'carte' produced 45 hits, 'atlas' 11 and 'plan*' 404) {November, 2002}
• France. 'Coin des Cartes Anciennes' (several hundred maps and charts, mostly relating to France but including 64 'Cartes anciennes diverses', viewable in high res. via the 'Taille' link [most of the enlargement options beneath the thumbnail do not work]; including the entire Cassini map and the 1634 atlas by Sébastien Cramoisy [though neither could be retrieved when I looked] - reproduced under licence from the Bibliothèque nationale de France (Gallica) by Jacques Zan) {November, 2005}
• + France. 'Collection of French Architecture/Topographical Description Materials' (high res. images, including maps - Kyoto University Library, 2001) {November, 2002}
• France. 'Expériences de terrain et compétences cartographiques : pour une approche heuristique de la numérisation des cartes et plans (HistCARTO)' (leading to 'Les cartes de la collection Coquebert de Monbret' (featuring about 800 maps by Coquebert de Montbret, preserved in the Bibliothèque municipale de Rouen), 'La bibliothèque de Coquebert de Montbret', and 'Les cartes du programme HistCarto' - Maison Interuniversitaire des Sciences de l’Homme - Alsace (MISHA)) {November, 2007}
• France. 'Fondos digitalizados de la Cartoteca "Rafael Mas' (featuring: (1) Atlas de Mercator: "Galliae tabulae geographicae" [all 174 sheets of, presumably, the 1585 ed.]; (2) Francisco Coello (1822 - 1898): "Atlas de España y sus posesiones de ultramar"; (3) Estudio de los regadíos en la Comunidad de Madrid (1985); (4) Planos de las Ciudades Españolas. A. Martín; large slow-loading files of (apparently) the complete works, enlargeable to high res. [but still blurred after some minutes] - Biblioteca y Archivo, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid) {July, 2008}
• France. 'France en Amérique. France in America' (in English and French; select Maps for good selections of high res. MrSID images from the Library of Congress's Rochambeau Collection (related to French involvement in the American War of Independence) [on which see also another version] and Geography & Maps Division, and nine enlargeable images from the Bibliothèque nationale de France's Cartes et Plans department and the Collection du Service hydrographique de la Marine - a search for 'map' retrieved 155 items) {May, 2005}
• France. 'Histcarto' (to access, click on the icon top right 'Mode d'emploi' and, to search, 'Recherche - simple', which leads to a database of 4,147 MS maps, 17th-19th centuries, preserved in four Strasbourg collections, noting "signs of assessment", i.e. textual commentaries or added symbols, which indicate how the maps were made or the administrative or military uses to which they were put; most have linked digital images which can be enlarged to high res. [See John Krygier's illustrated commentary, 3 February 2009, on his Making Maps: DIY Cartography blog] {January, 2009}
• France. ’Histoire de la cartographie (a large, general site, comprising mostly text, providing background to the Bibliothèque nationale de France’s cartographic collections and their online exhibitions) {February, 2007}
• France 'History of the war in France and Belgium, in 1815 : containing minute details of the battles of Quatre-Bras, Ligny, Wavre' (Atlas.2.84.20) (maps and plans from a folio issued to accompany William Siborne’s standard work on Waterloo, History of the war in France and Belgium, in 1815 - Cambridge University Library) {April, 2015}
• France. IGN 'Remonter le temps' (access to the Cassini map, the Carte de l'Etat-Major (1825-66), IGN 1:50,000 (1950), air photos (1950-65) at high res. ) {January, 2016}
• France. The 'Oak Tree' map. 'An intriguing late 18th century mystery of map authorship finally solved: the French "Pimpernel" is at last unveiled . (about the oak tree map of France, published in London in 1796 - read for the denouement! - Roderick Barron's blog, 9 April 2024) {August, 2024}
• France. ‘Plans cadastraux des Côtes d'Armor’ (6,400 sheets of plans, viewable as slow-loading (presumably high res.) images via the ECW Plugin - Archives départementales des Côtes d'Armor) {April, 2005}
• France, Relief models see under that heading in Themes
• France, Series M562, 1:250,000, U.S. Army Map Service, 1954- (high res. (though slow-loading) images - University of Texas Libraries) {May, 2007}
• France - Alpes- Maritimes. 'Plans Cadastraux' (a large selection of scans, evidently 19th century and zoomable to high res.; also referred to as 'Le cadastre napoléonien' - Archives départementales des Alpes-Maritimes) {November, 2006}
• France - Alsace - Sierentz. ‘Le Pays de Sierentz sur les cartes géographiques anciennes’ (10 high res. map details [in some cases the area shown can be enlarged]) {May, 2004}
• France - Artois. 'Plans et cartes des ville d'Artois' (56 images, including enlargeable, very high res. city plans by Beaulieu, late 17th century - Kyoto University Library) {November, 2002}
• France - Brittany (roads) (Jean Ogée, Atlas itinéraire de Bretagne contenant les cartes particulières de tous les grands chemins de cette province, 1769; images of the title-page and 20 plates, enlargeable to high res.; choose TIFF or PDF format via 'Téléchargement de l'ouvrage' - from the Bibliothèque nationale de France's "Gallica") {December, 2003}
• France - Burgundy. 'Historic Map Data' (described as "GIS and remote sensing for archaeology", featuring several maps, with some commentary - Scott Madry, Informatics International, Inc., et al.) {May, 2005}
• + France - Champagne. 'Terres de Champagne-Ardenne: Cinq siècles de cartographie' (select 'Plan de l'exposition' for the different exhibition sections, each illustrated with maps zoomable to very high res., with accompanying explanatory notes by various authors - an in-depth travelling exhibition from Interbibly) {March, 2006}
• France - Dropt. ‘Cartes anciennes. La vallée du Drot’ (high res. details of 8 maps of the Drot/Dropt region, ‘rivière de Guyenne’) {September, 2004}
• France - Flanders. ‘Cartes anciennes de la Flandre’ (12 maps, 1570-1874, medium res. – Centre de Recherche Généalogique Flandre Artois)
• France - Flanders. ‘Les Moulins: Plans et Cartes’ (nine high res. map details, 16th-19th century, showing the sites of windmills in ‘Flanders’ [S. Belgium and N. France], relating to the genealogy of the Morel family) {December, 2004}
• +France – Lille. ‘Lille Under Siege: How to Defend a City ... Or How to Attack One’ (an online exhibition from the Harvard Map Collection, featuring a detailed analysis of a manuscript plan of 1708) {August, 2017}
• France - Lorraine. ‘Les cartes des Naudin’ (a manuscript map at 1:28,800 (1728-39) in 11 sections, covering the whole region of Lorraine, offered in high res. scans, which scroll automatically in the direction of your cursor [to stop, move the cursor to the middle] - Lorraine, Comité d’Histoire Régionale; Médiathèque de Metz) {February, 2007}
• France - Lyons. 'Forma Urbis : Les plans généraux de Lyon du XVIe au XXe siècle' (the separate Atlas, with medium to high res. images, accompanies the work's second edition (1999), comprising texts on various aspects of the plans of Lyons - Archives Municipales, Lyon) {May, 2003}
• France – Marseilles. ‘Cartes & Documents’ (a comprehensive selection of high res. images, almost all from the Bibliothèque nationale de France’s 'Gallica' - Lexilogos) {June, 2017}
• France - Normandy. D-Day (June 6, 1944) - Maps (four high res. secret maps of Omaha Beach prepared for the invasion - Perry-Castañeda Library Map Collection, courtesy of Tim Roop) {November, 2002}
• France - Orléans. 'Images anciennes d'Orléans et de l'Orléanais: Cartes et Plans' (a large selection of plans and maps, 1575-1909; using Macromedia Flash: first click on 'Agrandir le document', then right click to zoom in, to medium res. [even at 'high quality'] - Bibliothèque municipale d'Orléans) {January, 2006}
• France - Paris. 'Les cartes du fonds Jean-Baptiste Bourguignon d’Anville de la BnF' (click on the 'Consultation' link for an enlargeable version of the image - Bibliothèque nationale de France) . [See also Christian Gennerat's site] {November, 2008}
• France - Paris. 'Etrennes ecclesiastiques : historiques et topographiques de l'archeveche de Paris et des beautes que l'on y admire' (published at Paris by Delalain and Desnos (18th century): 16 enlargeable, high res. maps of the environs of Paris - Kyoto University Library) {November, 2002}
• France - Paris. ‘Evolution du plan de métro de Paris: du plat de spaghetti à la cité futuriste’ (a well-illustrated piece - graphéine, 30 March 2017) {April, 2017}
• France - Paris. 'L’histoire de Paris par ses plans' (a large selection of plans, apparently without captions or sources, enlargeable to medium res. - La boite verte, 24 October 2011) {September, 2015}
• France - 'Paris in the 19th century' (an introduction and a selection of plans, enlargeable to high res. via Zoomify - University of Chicago Library) {April, 2011}
• France - Paris. 'Old Maps of Paris' (25 maps, enlargeable to very high res.) {March, 2014}
• France – Paris. ‘Plan de Paris / Dessiné et gravé, sous les ordres de Messire Michel Etienne Turgot [...] Levé et dessiné par Louis Bretez, gravé par Claude Lucas, et écrit par Aubin’ (enlargeable to very high res. - Bibliothèque nationale de France) {May, 2017}
• France - Paris. Plan by Louis Bretez, 1739 (enlargeable, very high res. images of the 'Turgot' plan, in 24 sections - Kyoto University Library) {November, 2002}
• France - Paris. 'Plan de Paris, 1739' (the 20-sheet map, enlargeable to very high res. - Harvard University Library). {June, 2008}
• France- Paris. 'Plans parcellaires de Paris et des communes annexées (XIXe siècle)' (an unknown number of 19th century cadastral plans, enlargeable to high res. - Mairie de Paris) {June, 2010}
• France - Provence - Isles de Hyères (high res. details from 12 maps (1591-1896) including Porquerolles {March, 2005}
• France - Rennes (select 'Documents figurés', and then 'Plans urbains' (154 items) or 'Cartes' (42), and click on the eye symbol for a chosen item, to bring up an image, zoomable to high res. - Archives municipales de Rennes) {January, 2006}
• France - Savoy. 'Consulter la collection de cartes et plans de la Savoie' (700 maps, MS and printed, enlargeable to high res. via Zoomify - Bibliothèques de Chambéry) {May, 2010}
• France - Savoy. 'Les plans cadastraux de Savoie en ligne (1728-1988)' (a large collection, zoomable to high res. - Archives départementales de la Savoie) {November, 2006}
• France - Strasbourg. 'Quelques cartes gérées par le Service de l'information géographique de la CUS' (a selection of general and quartier maps, in slow-loading pdf , enlargeable to medium res. - Communauté Urbaine de Strasbourg) {November, 2005}
• France - Thoiry (search for 'Thoiry' for medium res. images of the separate sheets in volumes of estate plans (1708-1852) - Archives du château de Thoiry) {May, 2003}
• France - Toulouse. 'Les plans anciens de Toulouse (antérieurs à 1789)' (evidently enlargeable via Winzip [click on the icon within the caption box] - Sébastien Poignant) {March, 2006}
• France - Voreppe. 'Voreppe, 1759. Minute de l'Atlas parcellaire de Dupuy' (a rare pre-revolutionary cadastre of a village near Grenoble) {November, 2007}
• France: see Bibliothèque Nationale de France under Large general sites
• Georgia. National Archives (a growing selection of early maps, in medium res.) {December, 2014}
• Germany (click on ‘Liste aller bisher gescannten und katalogisierten alten Karten’ for links to descriptions and medium to high res. scanned images of 1,089 maps [select ‘Link’ at the end of the individual description], mostly relating to Germany - Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Sachsen-Anhalt, Halle) {July, 2004}
• Germany (111 maps of the Rhine, i.e. concentrating on Germany and the surrounding areas, from the Fritz Hellwig collection, enlargeable to very high res., arranged in an alphabetical list by map title; more are to be added - dlibri, Landesbibliothekszentrum Rheinland-Pfalz, Koblenz) {September, 2009}
• Germany (1000 ‘city maps of various cities in Central Germany, mining maps and battle plans from the Second World War’ have been digitised; Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Sachsen-Anhalt) {February, 2022}
• Germany. 'An Atlas of the German Empire by Ludwig Ravenstein' (1883) (details, downloadable with Adobe's Acrobat Reader - University of Wisconsin-Madison Libraries)
• Germany. 'Atlas des Deutschen Reichs' by Ludwig Ravenstein, 1883 (35 high res. sheets [requiring Acrobat Reader 3.0], with alternative access via an online gazetteer - University of Wisconsin-Madison Libraries) {December, 2001}
• Germany. 'Atlassen en kaarten verzamelen / Collecting Atlases and Maps' ('... I also describe my own collection, which consists of vintage [i.e. 19th & 20th century, mostly World] atlases, mainly German, and several vintage and more recent map series'; comprising bibliographical description and numerous medium res. illustrations - M. Witkam) {September, 2011}
• Germany. 'Bildindex der Kunst und Architektur' (an index to photographs of material, including maps, in German collections, with ordering instructions; searching for karte* produced 1,875 hits) {November, 2002}
• Germany. 'Deutsche Schutzgebiete die ehemaligen Kolonien des Deutschen Reichs' (see Historische Landkarten for a number of high res. German maps for the period 1871-1918, covering the Habsburg Empire and its overseas territories - some of the text also available in English) {July, 2002}
• Germany. 'German Maps (Topographische Karte 1: 25,000)' (3,527 sheets, enlargeable to high res.; "a set of topographic maps of pre World War II Germany, originally printed by the German government, and confiscated by the British and U.S. military after the war. Most of these maps are reprints by the British Geographical Section, General Staff, or the U.S. Army Map Service" - Brigham Young University, Utah) {March, 2011}
• Germany. ‘German World War II Captured Maps’ (‘Information about the project to digitize and make available online the maps captured by the United States from foreign militaries during World War II’- Berkeley Library, University of California) {June, 2021}
• Germany. 'Historical Maps' (over 150 [unsourced] pre-19th century maps, enlargeable to medium res., with descriptions in German, covering all parts of the world but with a concentration on Germany - Wilfried Bluhm) {August, 2005}
• Germany. Landkartenarchiv (an archive of German mapping, containing, on June 13, 2020, ‘29,930 different world atlases, national maps, topographical maps, road maps, panorama maps, railway maps, postal code maps, city maps and special maps’ – text in German and English and the maps enlargeable to high res.; Landkartenarchiv De.) {December, 2022}
• Germany. 'Map use in Berlin dailies before 1914' (low res. maps, illustrating an article tracing map use through the 20th century - Wolfgang Scharfe, 1999) {July, 2002}
• Germany. 'Old Maps of Poland and Germany' (a selection of high res. details of maps of the western part of present- day Poland, formerly Germany - polishpoland.com) {August, 2005}
• Germany. 'Posselt-Landkarten' (a genealogy site but with high res. scans including the 6-sheet A. Arrowsmith map of 1812 and the 27-sheet Vogel map (Perthes, c. 1907), as well as a selection of maps and graphic indexes for maps of all or part of Germany - Familie Posselt) {July, 2005}
• Germany. 'Weather in German newspapers' (low res. maps, illustrating an article tracing the history from 1880 - Wolfgang Scharfe, 1999) {July, 2002}
• + Germany – Bavaria. ‘Annotating the Landscape’ (a close look at an extensively annotated example of Georg Ludwig von Maurer’s map of Bavaria (c.1813) - a small virtual exhibition from the Harvard Map Collection, up to 25 June 2022) {December, 2020}
• Germany - Bavaria. 'Historische Karten' (links by Georg Köglmeier) {April, 2002}
• Germany - Bavaria. 'Historische Karten von Bayern: Eine Auswahl aus vier Jahrhunderten' (search or browse by title for a good selection of mostly 19th century maps, enlargeable to very high res. - Historischer Atlas von Bayern (HAB)) {August, 2005}
• Germany - Bavaria. ‘Ortsblätter des 19. Jahrhunderts Bayerns Städte und Dörfer auf 2400 historischen Karten’ (2,400 images of town & village maps, enlargeable to high res. but you may need to maximise the popup image so that the horizontal scroll bar becomes visible - Bayerische Landesbibliothek Online) {September, 2004}
• Germany - Berlin. 'Berlin city map archive' (27 maps, 1738-1989; select a section and enlarge to high res. ; with a page of Berlin links - Mirko) {June, 2006}
• Germany - Berlin. 'Hypermedia Berlin' (an interactive site that allows zooming into original maps from 1850 and reconstructed development plans from 1750 up to recent times; enlargeable to high res., with hotlinks, pop-ups, etc. - UCLA Center for Digital Humanities). See also 'Hypermedia Berlin: Cultural History in the Age of New Media, or "Is There a Text in this Class?"' (Todd Presner, in: Vectors: Journal of Culture and Technology in a Dynamic Vernacular, 2 (Fall 2006), leading to a Flash 'walkthrough') {February, 2006; amended April 2008}
• + Germany - Berlin and Brandenburg. 'Katalog zur Ausstellung Berlin-Brandenburg im Kartenbild' (high res. maps and plans set into the extensive exhibition text, on which see first 'Inhalt' [contents of the 8 chapters and subsidiary sections] or click on 'Suchen' [search]; there is a large bibliography - Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin and the Freien Universität Berlin) {January, 2002}
• Germany - Betzdorf (a sequence of details featuring the town in Rheinland-Pfalz, 1555-1901) {November, 2005}
• Germany. 'Brandenburg Viewer' (combining a modern map with the Schmettau map (1767-87) and Germany 1:25,000 (1902-48), enlargeable to high res.) {June, 2015}
• Germany - East Frisia and Emden (also town views - low res. - M. Becker)
• Germany - East Frisia. ‘Ancient Maps of Harlingerland’ (a selection of maps and details, in varying resolutions, taken from the New York Public Library) {February, 2005}
• + Germany - East Frisia. 'Kurzer Abriß der Geschichte der Ostfrieslandkarten' (low res. images with some clear details [click on the 'Karte' numbers] - Michael Recke; see also Michael Recke's Ostfrieslandkarten-Seiten) {amended August, 2005}
• Germany - Frankfurt am Main. ‘Maps of the Old City of Frankfurt am Main before the Wars’ (general and local maps, mostly in high res., with helpful comments on the download times (exaggerated?) - Das Goldene Buch) {March, 2005}
• Germany - Hamburg. 'Hamburg in historischen Karten' (select that title for 194 maps, 1590-1880, enlargeable to very high res. with Zoomify - Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg) {February 2011}
• Germany – Neuburg. ‘Kartographiehistorische Betrachtung der pfalz-neuburgischen Landesaufnahme’ (article by Thomas Horst about the survey of the Palatinate Neuburg, 1597-1604 (with about 400 maps) by Christoph Vogel and Mattaeus Stang, illustrated in Günter Frank & Georg Paulus (eds), Die pfalz-neuburgische Landesaufnahm (Regensburger Beiträge zur Heimatforschung 6), Kollersried 2016, pp. 14-39) {April, 2018}
• Germany - Pomerania. 'Historisches Landkarten Pommerns und des Lieper Winkels' (nine medium to high res. maps or details - NB it is not possible to open these in a new window) {July, 2002}
• Germany. ‘Rhine Panoramas - Leporello Maps’ (a provisional catalogue, some illustrated in medium res., of ‘all Rhine leporello maps published before 1900’, i.e. ’a long fold out strip popularly used for photo albums in the late nineteenth century in many countries’ – Kit Batten’s blog) {December, 2016}
• Germany - Rügen. 'Historische Landkarten der Insel Rügen' (three low res. maps of Rügen and a plan of Putbus) {July, 2002}
• Germany - Saxony. 'Kartenforum Sachsen' (a collaborative library project to produce high res. scans (using Zoomify) of topographical maps (from 1780), including the 600 sheets of the Neu: Topographische Karten Sachsen 1:25000 (1907-19), the Elbe-Hochwasser (1845), and a plan of Dresden) {May, 2007}
• Germany - Schleswig. 'Udvalgte historiske Slesvig-kort' (13 maps, 1783-1953 - click the image size link for the whole map and 'udsnit' for a detail, both in high res.) {March, 2004}
• Germany - Siegen-Wittgenstein (click on ‘Alte Landkarten’ for 37 medium res. map extracts) {September, 2004}
• Germany - Sylt (a selection of details (in crude digital colouring and with discontinuous scrolling) {August, 2005}
• Germany - Upper Rhine. ‘Historische Kartenbestände des Oberrheins’ (a growing collection of enlargeable high res. maps and related texts (1800-1880) - EUCOR Confederation and the Generallandesarchiv Karlsruhe, hosted by the Universitätsbibliothek Freiburg im Breisgau) {February, 2005}
• Germany - Westphalia. 'Internet-Portal "Westfälische Geschichte"' (a large, detailed and complex site; follow, e.g. the links under 'Raum - Territorien, Orte und Karten', and look at the illustrated essay 'Carl Ludwig von Le Coq und die Topographische Karte von Westphalen, 1796-1813', which includes scans of the 20-sheet map, enlargeable to high res. via Zoomify - Marcus Weidner) {November, 2008}
• + ’Gibraltar. Mapping our past’ (an online version of the exhibition in 2016 at the Fine Arts Gallery, apparently including a wide range of maps (in low res.) and a 25-minute film - Gibraltar National Archives) {October, 2019}
• Greece. 'Greek Cartography: the Documents' (a database of manuscript and printed maps, atlases and isolarii, 15th century to 1820, illustrated with thumbnails - 'PANDEKTIS: a Digital Thesaurus of Primary Sources for Greek History and Culture', developed by the National Hellenic Research Foundation) {December, 2009}
• Greece. 'Samourka Map Collection' ("c. 1200 maps representing Greece, printed from 16th to 18th century"; an author index leads to low-medium res. images - National Centre for Maps and Cartographic Heritage / National Map Library){July, 2007}
• Greece - Corfu. 'Maps and drawings of Corfu in the Library of the Museo Correr' [Venice] (footnoted article by Elisabetta Molteni & Silvia Moretti, illustrated with 17 medium res. figures, in: e-Perimetron, 1:1 (Winter 2006), pp. 1-31) {June, 2006}
• Greece - Crete. Il regno tvtto di Candia (a general map and about 60 detail map-views from this book by Marco Boschini (Venice, 1651) - Princeton University Library Digital Collections) {February, 2007}
• Greece - Crete. 'Old maps of Crete' (a small selection of medium res. images [also here], with satellite images - Wolfgang Kistler) {August, 2005}
• Greenland - see also under Scandinavia below
• Hungary. ‘Digital Map Collection’ (‘nearly a thousand domestic and foreign maps pre-1850, enlargeable to high res., arranged by regions and themes - National Széchényi Library, Budapest, Hungary) {August, 2020}
• Hungary. 'Ethnicity Maps of Southeastern Europe (1930-1941)' (enlargeable to high res., with text to follow - 'a guide for researchers and educators about the Volkstumskarte series of maps of Romania, Hungary, Slovakia and Yugoslavia ... created by Wilfried Krallert and the Publikationsstelle Wien (P- Stelle) in 1941' - York University Libraries, Toronto) {July, 2013}
• Hungary. 'Historical maps of south-eastern Europe' (a few high res. details, mostly of Hungary) {January, 2002}
• Hungary. 'A Lázár térkép települései' (the Lazarus map of Hungary, 1528, enlargeable to high res.) {July, 2005}
• Hungary. 'Magyarország Térképeken' (29 maps, 1664-1939, and the Atlas Regni Hungariae (1800 - 49 sheets) and the Az Osztrák-Magyar Monarchia (1900- 56 sheets), in paired medium and fairly high res. images, with some pre-selected details) {December, 2003}
• Hungary. ‘Osztrák-Magyar Monarchia (1910): Austria-Hungary (1910)’ (high res. maps, and samples from an administrative atlas (1910-98) - Department of Cartography, Eötvös University, Budapest) {March, 2005}
• + Hungary. 'The Tápió region on old maps' (13 low res. maps and details, 1477-1930, with accompanying text in Hungarian - travelling exhibition: 'A Tápió-vidék régi térképeken: Millenniumi térképtörténeti vándorkiállítás' - Török Zsolt) {July, 2002}
• Hungary. Térképek Salgótarjánról (recent and old maps of Salgótarján) (medium res. details from a range of maps, 1528-recent) {August, 2001}
• Hungary. ‘Treasures from the Collection of Library Founder Count Ferenc Széchényi. Specialities of a Cosmographic Atlas’ (about the core of the map collection of the national library of Hungary (National Széchényi Library), much of it relating to other parts of the world, with sample; enlargeable illustrations) {June, 2016}
• Hungary see also under Austria-Hungary (in the first, general, section above) and Austria
• Iceland. 'Maps of Iceland sorted by age and origin' (1,039 maps (1544-1951) from the National and University Library of Iceland and other institutions [see 'About'], enlargeable to high res.). [What is presumably an earlier version here] {August, 2014}
• Istria. ‘Cartography’ (click on the 'History' link; comprising historical reconstructions but with a selection of originals from the 16th century onwards, of Istria and surrounding countries, in medium to high res. - Marisa Ciceran for IstriaNet.org.) {December, 2004}
• Italy. ‘Italian History Index: Gateways to Historical Maps and Maps of Italy’ (gateway site, part of the WWW-VL) {March, 2005}
• Italy. 'Atlas of Napoleonic Cartography in Italy' [1795-1815] (use the Table of Contents, which highlights (in blue) the original documents, including eight, enlargeable, high res. maps of north Italy and Elba and 18 pages of R. Schouany's sketch-book survey of the Piedmont Region, 1805-9, from the Archives de la guerre (SHAT) at Vincennes - a 'pilot project': Anne Godlewska, Queen's University) {November, 2002}
• Italy. Geological. ‘e-Geo: un mare di carte!!!’ (3,100 images of Italian geological mapping, also including a few from France, viewable via plug-in; probably several hundred of them from the 19th century - part of a project to produce a complete inventory of Italian geothematic cartography - Centro di Geotecnologie - Università di Siena) {February, 2005}
• Italy. Italian maps from the Novacco collection (754 thumbnails leading to the images - Newberry Library, Chicago, Digital Collections') {August, 2024}
• Italy. 'Italiano: Consultazione: Mappe: Storiche' (links to sites with images of early maps of Italy - Open Directory Project) {May, 2003}
• Italy. Joan Blaeu, Theatrum civitatum et admirandorum Italiae (1663) (medium res. images from the Biblioteca Riccardiana, Florence - Istituto Internazionale di Storia Economica "F. Datini": Immagini per la storia economica e sociale) {July, 2003}
• Italy. ‘Maps by Leonardo da Vinci’ (search under Artist for Leonardo for the town plan of Imola; map of Tuscany and the Chiana Valley; bird's- eye-view of sea coast - enlargeable to medium res., with biographical note and brief commentary on each map; Emil Kren and Daniel Marx) {March, 2005}
• Italy. 'Orsini Archives: A Glimpse into Life in Early Modern Italy' (leading to selected images of maps, plans, and other documents, enlargeable to high res. - UCLA Library) {February, 2008; amended February 2011}
• Italy. 'Territori. Il portale italiano dei catasti e della cartografia storia (a collaborative tool for searching and viewing maps [apparently a large number and in high res.] in some of the main Italian archives, based around those of Genoa, Milan, Trieste and Venice, with online material also accessible from Florence, Gorizia, Rome and Turin; for a description in English see 'Hyperborea presents “Territori”: the Italian web portal of cadastres and historical cartography' - part of the Sistema archivistico nazionale [SAN]); see also the article by Mauro Tosti Croce & Saverio Pialli, 'Territori, the Italian web portal of cadastres and historical cartography', in e-Perimetron, 8:3 (2013), pp. 146-52) {June, 2012; updated January 2014}
• Italy. Towns. 'Atlante storico iconografico delle città toscane' (the 564 images, watermarked and enlargeable to medium or high res., comprise plans and views of Tuscan towns [the number will grow], 14th-18th centuries, with the plans' keys transcribed; perspective and fortification plans are included in the ‘Atlanti di città’ and 'Libri illustrati' sections; there are explanatory notes in Italian and English, and two bibliographies - Lucia Nuti) {March, 2006; amended April 2007}
• Italy. Zatta. 'Collezione di opere cartografiche di Antonio Zatta dal 1776 al 1784' (38 maps enlargeable to high res. - Accademia dei Concordi di Rovigo) {October, 2007}
• Italy - Florence. ‘A questionable purchase by the Uffizi Gallery of Florence. Questions about the supposed "second oldest view of Florence after the Veduta della Catena (the Chain View)" recently purchased by the Uffizi’ (an investigation by Marco Piccardi, illustrated with a range of early views and panoramas of Florence) {May, 2020}
• Italy - Florence - View with the padlock ('Chain Map'), c.1471-82 (high res.)
• Italy - Lombardy. 'Atlante dei catasti storici e delle carte topografiche della lombardia' (click on 'Serie riprodotte' for sheets of the Catasto Teresiano, the Catasto Lombardo Veneto and the Nuovo Catasto Terreni, enlargeable to very high res. - Archivio di Stato di Milano) {December, 2010}
• Italy - Modena. 'Raccolta di cartografia storica del centro' (16 MS and printed plans, available as medium res. JPEG, PDF and TIF images - Comune di Modena) {August, 2005}
• Italy - Naples. 'Piante e Vedute di Napoli dal 1486 al 1599: l'origine dell'iconografia urbana europea' (introductory essay and illustrated catalogue (pp.17-95) of plans and views of Naples by Vladimiro Valerio, 1998) {January, 2016}
• Italy - Parma. ‘L'immagine della citta' attraverso i secoli: Repertorio iconografico’ (plans [over 150], bird’s-eye views and reconstructions, combining catalogue description and images (enlargeable to medium res.) arranged in six ’chapters’, with indexes by author and date - Giancarlo Gonizzi, Collegio dei Geometri della Provincia di Parma, 1997) {March, 2005}
• + Italy - Rome (exhibit overview, including a number of early plans of Rome - click to enlarge but low res.)
• Italy - Rome. 'Catalogo illustrato delle piante di Roma online' [CIPRO] (a catalogue of 'printed maps of Rome for the period ca. 1550 to ca 1870'; also in English, French and German; searchable in various ways including by date range, with a 16-map 'highlight' section, zoomable but only to medium res., with 'Nolli interactive' and 'Vasi interactive' options - Bibliotheca Hertziana, Max-Planck- Institut für Kunstgeschichte; European Cultural Heritage Online [ECHO]) {August, 2005}
• Italy - Rome. Giuseppe Vasi’s ‘Nuova Pianta di Roma in Prospettiva’ (a sectioned plan, in fairly high res., with links to architectural views and interpretation; with a link to the 1852 plan by P. Letarouilly - Roberto Piperno) {May, 2005}
• Italy - Rome. Imago II Project ("about 5,000 digital colour photos of maps and manuscripts, 25,000 colour scans of ancient maps and parchments, 100,000 greyscale scans of cadastre and notarial registers" - highly enlargeable, high res. MrSID images; for a brief overview in English see Virtual reading room - Archivio di Stato di Roma; leading to various digitized collections at the Archivio di Stato di Roma: Catasto Gregoriano (19th-century pontifical cadastres), Michele Ruggieri (maps of China) and Cabreo dei Beni Camerali di Pesaro e Urbino. [NB You must register to access the images - see also under Web Projects]) {September, 2002; amended April 2011; NB links apparently not working February 2012, via new website: < http://www.archiviodistatoroma.beniculturali.it/ >}
• Italy - Rome. 'Imago Urbis: Giuseppe Vasi’s Grand Tour of Rome' (see the Preface for explanation of the site's innovative ways of relating Nolli's map with Vasi's documentation of 18th century Rome - University of Oregon; see also the entry under 'Nolli map, 1748') {June, 2008}
• Italy - Rome. 'Mappe. Roma e Lazio' (leading to 732 entries, though many (most?) appear to be views rather than maps - Archivio Storico Capitolino, Rome) {June, 2010}
• Italy - Rome. Nolli map, 1748 (a Flash-based, high resolution, interactive version of the 12-sheet map (176 x 208 cm when joined), which indexes 1,320 features and allows you to select and zoom into them; see the Preface for explanation - University of Oregon; see also the entry for 'Imago Urbis: Giuseppe Vasi’s Grand Tour of Rome') {April, 2005; updated June 2008}
• Italy - Sardinia. 'Antica cartografia della Sardegna' (10 maps and three city views, in medium res., with notes on the mapmakers and a bibliography - Alter Arte, Cagliari) {May, 2003}
• Italy - Sardinia. 'Le carte geografiche' (a selection of maps, charts and plans, enlargeable to medium res., accompanying a 'Breve storia della cartografia' - Banco di Sardegna) {August, 2005}
• Italy - Sardinia - Cagliari (five city plans, 16th-18th century - Stefano Puddu, Il Portale Sardo) {May, 2003}
• Italy - Tuscany. 'Carte generali' (maps (enlargeable but of poor quality), by Leonardo da Vinci and others, with a focus on Prato; forming part of a complex interactive site I segni del Territorio (by Marco Piccardi)) {September, 2006}
• Italy – Venice. ‘A Portrait of Venice: Jacopo de’ Barbari’s View of 1500’ (a multi-media exhibition on YouTube, curated by Kristin L. Huffman, Duke University, February 2018) {December, 2018}
• Italy - see also GEOWEB, under Large general sites
• 'Latvian map stamps - Sun issue I [on German WWI infantry maps]' (in 1918, faced with a paper shortage, Latvia used the verso of German maps for their stamps; the site includes information about the maps) {July, 2007}
• Latvia. 'Maps' (124 maps, evidently from 1588 onwards, enlargeable to high res., which can be laid over a modern map or photo - Latvian National Library) {July, 2013}
• Latvia. 'Latvia in three centuries of maps 1500-1800' (about 120 fairly high res. pdf images, with sections on Livonia, Poland-Lithuania, Scandinavia, Russia, etc. - Cartographic Collection of the National Library of Latvia) {June, 2006}
• Latvia. 'Ostland Atlas Collection' (an atlas of 52 maps, enlargeable to high res., published by the Nazis in 1942 and 'used in the civil administration of the Eastern territories, including Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania' - Ball State University Digital Collections, Muncie, Indiana) {July, 2008}
• Latvia. ‘Vanad maakaardid Eesti Rahvusraamatukogu kartograafiakogus’ (39 high res. maps of Estonia and Latvia ['Livonia'], the Baltic States, Scandinavia and European Russia, 16th-18th centuries, with commentary in Estonian - National Library of Estonia) {December, 2004}
• LithuanianMaps.com (a gateway site for Lithuanian cartography, comprising: 3,911 maps of the historic-Lithuanian area in downloadable jpegs, as well as many other images from different categories, mostly in high res., 66 mapmaker biographies, 49 hotlinks to additional map resources, 6 links to scholarly articles on Lithuanian-area maps; a regularly updated site – Andrew Kapochunas) {June, 2011; heavily amended January 2020}
• Lithuania. ‘100 Lietuvos žemelapiu. Pažinkime Lietuva žemelapiuose’ [100 maps of Lithuania: Let’s explore Lithuania on maps]{January, 2019}
• Lithuania. 'Gargzdai (Gorzd), Lithuania. Maps on other websites' (links covering map images for Lithuania, Livonia, Poland, Prussia, etc.; see also a selection of maps with high res. details for Gargzdai - both, John S. Jaffer, JewishGen) {May, 2005}
• Livonia - see under Estonia and Latvia
• Luxembourg Antique Maps (24 low res. maps and plans - Gary Little) {December, 2001}
• Luxembourg. 'Les plans et profils des principales villes et lieux considerables du duche de Luxembourg' (21 images, including enlargeable, very high res. city plans by Beaulieu, late 17th century - Kyoto University Library) {November, 2002}
• Luxembourg. ‘Villux’ (close the initial text, then click on the top left icon for five historial plans and views, 1820s-1963 - a collaboration between the City of Luxembourg History Museum and the University of Luxembourg) {December, 2019}
• Macedonia on old maps (enlargeable images but low to medium res.)
• Malta. Antonio F. Lucini, Disegni della guerra assedio et assalti dati dall'armata Turchesca all'Isola di Malta l'anno 1565 (Bologna 1631) (medium res. images, including the maps and views - Istituto Internazionale di Storia Economica "F. Datini": Immagini per la storia economica e sociale) {July, 2003}
• Malta. 'Glen McLaughlin Maps Collection -- Maps of Malta' (15 maps, 1565-1724, enlargeable to very high res.) {September, 2013}
• Mediterranean. 'Livre de plusieurs plans des ports et rades de la mer Mediteranée et de l'Occeant' (100 MS harbour plans by Jean Olivier, 1707, enlargeable to high res. - Bibliothèque nationale de France, Cartes et plans, GE DD-4829) {November, 2015}
• Mediterranean see also under Portolan charts and World
• Moravia. 'Müllerova mapa Moravy' (1716) and 'Müllerova mapa Cech' (1720) (commentary on CD-ROM publications with selected medium res. images - Eva Semotanová) {August, 2003}
• Moravia. ‘Presentation of old maps covering the area of Czechia, Moravia and Silesia’ (images from the 1st (1764-83) and 2nd (1819-58) Military Surveys and Johann Christoph Müller’s Survey (1716 & 1720), enlargeable to high res. - Jan Dušek, Geoinformatics Laboratory, University of J.E.Purkyne) {March, 2005}
• Netherlands. For a brief round-up of topographical map collections see Martijn Storms, 'Kartcollecties in Nederland. De collecties van de voormalige Topografische Dienst Nederland', Caert Thresoor 2015-4, pp.214-6
• Netherlands. 'cartografie- nederland.pagina.nl' (a page with very good links to Dutch image sites; see also the more general, supplementary Cartografie page - Ko Allewijn) {December, 2003; amended November 2005}
• Netherlands (6 low res. plans - Amsterdam University Library) {March, 2001}
• Netherlands. 'De Atlas van Blaeu' ([site under construction]: enlargeable high res. images from the Atlas Maior - Bibliotheek Arnhem) {February, 2004}
• Netherlands. 'Atlas van Kooper' (67 maps gathered by Johan Kooper (1876-1939); it is not clear how these maps can be retrieved from the Beeldbank Groningen to which you are referred, but some are certainly from the 17th century - Groninger Archieven) {January, 2015}
• Netherlands. 'Atlas der Neederlanden. De dageraad van het Koninkrijk' (the over 600 maps of the 9-volume atlas, make it the largest such 'atlas factice', covering the Netherlands, Belgium and the Dutch overseas territories, enlargeable to very high res. and georeferenced to the 1850 Topographische Militaire Kaart (1:50,000) - Special Collections, University of Amsterdam) {December, 2013}
• Netherlands. 'Atlas voor de Nederlandse taal en literatuur' (five maps, 1578-1999, can be enlarged to high res. by clicking on a detail or selecting from the geographical list) {December, 2003}
• Netherlands. 'Atlas Schoemaker' (2,579 topographical views and plans of the Netherlands, collected by Andries Schoemaker (1660-1735) and others, enlargeable to high res.; text in Dutch - Geheugen van Nederland) {April, 2015}
• Netherlands. 'Beeldbank: Historische Kaarten' (high res. scans of 1,266 maps (of the Netherlands and elsewhere) and 8 globes - Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Universiteits-bibliotheek) {December, 2011}
• Netherlands. 'Beeldbank' (a picture library selection of varied maps, from different collections, mostly in MS; a search [Zoek] for 'kaart' produced 418 hits [however the largest resolution option 'Afbeelding vergroten' did not work, so no more than medium res. was delivered]) - {November, 2005}
• Netherlands. Beudeker Atlas (The volume of 134 maps entitled 'Conquesten der Vereende Nederlanden', from the British Library, with the possibility to zoom in at up to 16 times the size of the original image)[See also Wikimedia Commons, which features the same 134 maps along with the group title, added July 2015]
• Netherlands. Bodel Nijenhuis Collection (follow link: 'View items from our collections - Maps', for 599 MS maps, enlargeable to very high res. (click on 'Change action on mouse click') - Leiden University Library, Digital Special Collections) {July, 2008}
• Netherlands. Cadastral maps (follow up links from the blog of the Studiekring Historische Cartografie to 19th century cadastral atlases of various Dutch provinces) {December, 2008}
• Netherlands. 'Cadastral Maps - 1832' (11 high res. details of Ferwerderadeel, identifying owners and estate type - Fryske Academy, Leeuwarden) {December, 2003}
• Netherlands. ‘Collection Cartographic Documents from Het Utrechts Archief’ (200 images of maps covering The Netherlands – Wikimedia) {March, 2021}
• Netherlands. 'Cornelis Claesz (ca. 1551-1609), grondlegger van de Amsterdamse commerciële' (high res. scans, illustrating a text by Jan Werner - Amsterdam University Library, Kaartencollectie) {November, 2005}
• Netherlands. Delft University of Technology (enter prentenkabinet into the box labelled 'Zoeken in beeldbank' to retrieve 9,253 thumbnails, enlargeable to high res. - TU Delft Libary Beeldbank) {November, 2014}
• Netherlands. Dutch City maps from Blaeu's Toonneel der Steden, 1652 (35 plans, in gif and jpeg formats, medium to fairly high res., covering Holland and Utrecht, with commentaries - George Welling). [See also an updated version here.]
• Netherlands. ‘Erfgoedkaarten’ (Erfgoed 's-Hertogenbosch) {March, 2017}
• Netherlands. 'Gemeente Atlas van Nederland. J. Kuyper 1865-1870' (the various provincial atlases are listed separately below - Rob Kuijsten, comprising high res. maps, reachable via a place-name index) {May, 2002 - updated August 2005; February 2011}
• Drenthe (37 maps)
• Friesland [from a different series - Franeker: B. Behrns, 1861] (36 maps)
• Gelderland, 1865-70 (over 150 maps)
• Groningen (58 maps)
• Limburg (125 maps)
• Noord-Brabant, 1868 (167 maps, reached also via a clickable index map ['interactieve kaart'])
• Noord-Holland, 1865-70 (137 maps - Don Arnoldus/Rob Kuijsten)
• Overijssel, 1865-70 (65 maps)
• Utrecht, 1868' (72 maps, reached also via a clickable index map ['interactieve kaart'])
• Zealand, 1868' (114 maps)
• Zuid-Holland (230 maps)
• Netherlands. 'De grote 'Colomkaart' van Holland (1639)' (click on the coloured 'Holland' link, then 'alleen beschrijving' then 'toon beeld' (at the bottom) [though there may be a more direct route] to bring up high res. images of the 40-section wall-map by Jacob A. Colom (1639) - Amsterdam University Library, Kaartencollectie) {November, 2005}
• Netherlands. HISGIS (already covering most of the country, related to the 1832 cadaster - Fryske Akademy) {July, 2014}
• Netherlands. 'historiekaart.nl' (maps from the Dutch Land Registry (Jaartal kaart, 1829-1949), covering the whole of the country (at 1:25,000?), can be overlaid on Google Maps [the site in beta March 2010]) {March, 2010}
• Netherlands. Janssonius map of the Netherlands, 1658 (12 low res. details - George Welling). [See also an updated version here .]
• Netherlands. 'Kaartencollectie' (702 images relating to 428 atlas maps and single and multi-sheet separate maps, enlargeable to very high res., covering The Netherlands and the rest of the world; you can browse (‘Blader door de collectie’) and search (‘Zoek in de collectie'); and select from the menu at the left, offering groups of images with introductory text (in Dutch), including pages devoted to wall-maps, the work of C. Claesz, water-feature mapping, the Atlas Van Schagen and the Goos 'Paskaart van Oost-Indië (c.1658)'; or browse through groups of 10 pre-selected maps) - Universiteitsbibliotheek, Amsterdam) {March, 2005}
• Netherlands. 'Kaarten van de Topografische Dienst' (56 sheets of the official Dutch topographical survey, 1833-45, enlargeable to very high res. by clicking on 'Inzoomen' - Nationaal Archief) {June, 2008}
• Netherlands. 'Het Kadaster' (a slider bar picks up annual updates to the general map of The Netherlands, zooming in, via different scales, in high res. , celebrating the bicentenary of what was formerly the Topographical Service) {January, 2016}
• Netherlands. Leo Belgicus. ‘Leeuwenkaarten in de Atlas Van Gijn’ (low res. images of the C.J. Visscher maps of 1609 and 1648, with a brief note by Liesbeth van Noortwijk - Simon van Gijn Museum) {May, 2004}
• + Netherlands. ’Leo Belgicus and the War of Liberation‘ (online exhibition, illustrated with high res. scans, Osher Map Library, University of Southern Maine) {November, 2017}
• Netherlands. Maps from De Vyerighe Colom (the 47 maps, in gif and jpeg formats, medium to fairly high res.- George Welling). [See also an updated version here.]
• Netherlands. Maps in the Gemeentearchief, The Hague (a selection of medium res. images [which become illegible when enlarged], found via the Thematis Erfgoed Portaal; click on ‘Klik hier om uw zoekvraag op te geven’, select ‘Archieven’ & ‘Beeldbanken’, enter ‘landkaart’ (under ‘Trefwoord’), and click ‘OK’; finally select from ‘Haags Gemeentearchief’ the link to ‘Kaarten en plattegronden’ (203 items)) {March, 2005}
• Netherlands. 'Maritime Digital' ('Collection Search System [Dutch] Maritime Museums' - a combined search on various Dutch maritime museums, via Author, Title, Date, Keyword, etc.; searching is difficult as there is no code for map but selecting 'Expert' under Search and entering 'kaart' under Title found 6,099 items but the majority seem irrelevant; the results are low res. and illegible when enlarged) {April, 2008}
• Netherlands. Nationaal Archief (50,326 results from a search for ‘kaarten’; the maps enlargeable to high res.) {March, 2022}
• Netherlands. National Archives. 'Map Collection' ('the Nationaal Archief also holds the biggest and most important collection of maps and drawings in the Netherlands', including more than 6,000 maps and plans) {December, 2012}
• Netherlands. 'The Netherlands 1858-1870' (combining Kuypers Gemeente-Atlas van Nederland (1865-70) with roads and air photos from Google Maps; pop-up illustrations are supplied from Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden, voorgesteld in een reeks naar de natuur getekende schilderachtige gezigten en beschreven door J.L. Terwen (1858) - L.A. Kievit) {April, 2008}
• Netherlands. 'The Netherlands in the Early [19]30s' (11 small-scale province maps - Willem van Schaik) {November, 2005}
• Netherlands. ‘Old maps of the Netherlands’ (various 17th century maps, to ‘show the difficulties of georeferencing’ them; Peter Vos - Amsterdam, University Library Vrije Universtiteit; on Geoplaza, 'a platform to find, create and share maps') {July, 2017}
• Netherlands. 'Oude kaarten Nederland' (select '1e Leerjaar' - 'Thema8 Nederland' - 'Oude kaarten' - for 26 medium res. scans of 17th century maps of the Dutch provinces) {November, 2005}
• Netherlands. 'Oude kaarten. Plattegronden van Nederlandse steden' (35 high res. scans of 17th century Dutch town plans) {November, 2005}
• Netherlands. 'Oude landkaarten' (seven assorted maps in medium res.) {November, 2005}
• Netherlands. 'Oude stafkaarten verzamelen' (a selection of old ordnance maps, 1910-45, enlargeable to high res. ) {December, 2003}
• Netherlands. 'Plano's: historische éénbladdrukken' (2,661 historical prints, including some maps, enlargeable to high res.; text in Dutch - Geheugen van Nederland) {April, 2015}
• Netherlands. 'Reise en Zakatlas anno 1773 - Jan Christiaan Sepp' (the 74-sheet map 'De VII Vereenigde Nederlandsche Provinciën', enlargeable to very high res.; on this see the Studiekring Historische Cartografie blog entry for 12 January 2010) {February, 2010}
• Netherlands. 'Repository kaarten Afdeling Bijzondere Collecties' (about 800 separate maps pre-1900, enlargeable to medium res., many from the Mello Backer Collection, mostly of Dutch provinces but covering the rest of the world - Universiteitsbibliotheek Groningen) {December, 2009}
• Netherlands. 'Stadsplattegronden van Jacob van Deventer 1557-1573' (the plans of eight Dutch towns by van Deventer - Amersfoort, IJsselstein, Montfoort, Oudewater, Rhenen, Utrecht, Wijk bij Duurstede and Woerden can be overlaid on Google Maps (select 'doorzichtig weergeven'); with air photos and commentary - Het Utrechts Archief) {April, 2008}
• Netherlands. Thematic maps. 'Meertens Kaartenbank' (30,000 Dutch dialect and ethnological maps (mostly 20th century, but from 1723; the 'Kaartsoort' option allows searching by about 40 thematic categories - Amsterdam, Meertens Instituut; on this see 'De ontwikkeling van taal- en cultuurkaarten' by N. van der Sijs, in Caert-Thresoor, 2014, 4) {January, 2015}
• Netherlands. Thematic. '100 Thematic maps' ; high res. images from Utrecht University Library. On this, see Marco van Egmond and Ferjan Ormeling, '"Gronden der voorwereld, uit de tijden der mammouthen": Nederlandse thematische kaarten op internet', Caert-Thresoor 2007-2, pp.29-38) {March, 2006}
• Netherlands. ‘Thematis Erfgoed Portaal’ (a searchable portal to Dutch archives; click on ‘Klik hier om uw zoekvraag op te geven’, select ‘Archieven’ & ‘Beeldbanken’ and then enter ‘landkaart’ (under ‘Trefwoord’), and click ‘OK’, to find map images (most of which will be modern, but there is a ‘Chronologisch’ option) {March, 2005}
• Netherlands. Topografische Dienst. '200 jaar topografie' (scroll down for a 200-year history, illustrated with maps, enlargeable to high res.) {September, 2015}
• Netherlands. Topografische Dienst. 'Tijdreis over 200 jaar topografie' (a range of topographical maps, enlargeable to high res., celebrating 200 years of the Topographisch Bureau / Topografische Dienst) {September, 2015}
• Netherlands. 'Topografische kaartenset op Geoplaza uitgebreid' (all editions of the 1:50,000 Topographische en Militaire Kaart van het Koningrijk der Neederlanden, from 1845 onwards - Amsterdam, University Library Vrije Universtiteit; on Geoplaza, 'a platform to find, create and share maps') {January, 2016}
• Netherlands. Towns. ‘The Fascinating Town Atlas of the Netherlands’ (about Joan Blaeu’s atlases of 1649 & 1652; an illustrated note by Cynthia Smith for the Library of Congress maps blog, 29 March 2022) {March, 2022}
• Netherlands. Towns. Frederick de Wit. ‘Theatrum ichnographicum omnium urbium et præcipuorum oppidorum Belgicarum XVII Provinciarum peraccurate delineatarum’ (c. 1698, 126 town plans of the Low Countries, enlargeable to high res.; to enter click on ‘Bekijk dit digitale topstuk’ – Royal Library, The Hague) {January, 2017}
• Netherlands. 'De Vereenigde Nederlanden of Zeven Vrye Provinciën' (the 73 sheets of the Nieuwe Geographische Reise- en Zak-Atlas of the northern Netherlands, enlargeable to high res. (Amsterdam: Jan Christiaan Sepp, 1773)) {March, 2004}
• Netherlands. ‘Vereniging Topografisch-Historische Atlas’ (Stadsarchief Rotterdam) {March, 2017}
• Netherlands. 'Vestingstad Grave' (select "(Oude) Plattegronden" for six high res. maps, published in 1865-7 by Hugo Suringar te Leeuwarden, of Balgoy, Escharen, Gassel, Grave, Overasselt and Velp; see under 'Oude etsen & gravures' for a selection of city plans and views - Peter van Bommel) {March, 2004}
• Netherlands. 'Virtuele Atlas van Voorne, Putten en Rozenburg' (select that title for high res. maps, with GIS functionality, in Dutch) {November, 2005}
• Netherlands. Wageningen University & Research (613 maps, enlargeable to high res. - Image Collections){March, 2017, updated June 2022}
• + Netherlands. ‘Water management maps (1600-1825)’ (a digital exhibition with over 120 illustrations, enlargeable to high res. - Utrecht University Library Special Collections) {August, 2021}
• Netherlands. 'Water management maps in Google Earth' (an online exhibition of over 120 maps, c.1600-1825, enlargeable to high res., with commentaries in Dutch - Utrecht, University Library). [See also here and here] {December, 2013, amended April 2015}
• Netherlands. 'Water: Vriend of Vijand' (a sample selection of 25 MS maps, related to the Dutch East and West India Companies, downloadable on Flickr in high res. - Nationaal Archief, The Hague) {April, 2009}
• Netherlands. 'Waterstaat' (high res. scans, illustrating a brief essay on maps of Dutch water features - Amsterdam University Library, Kaartencollectie) {November, 2005}
• Netherlands. Waterways. ‘Conrad Collection on Dutch Waterways’ (258 images, enlargeable to high res., comprising ‘cartographic and technical materials that document the construction of the Dutch waterway and coastal infrastructure during the 17th to 20th centuries’ – Stanford University Libraries) {May, 2022}
• Netherlands. 'Wat Was Waar' (a complex site, all in Dutch, offering 18,467 enlargeable high res. images of the complete 1832 cadastral map, with, in addition, the combination maps ('verzamelplan'), which showed the sections, and the minute maps ('minuutplan'), which showed all the plots; accompanied by the Oorspronkelijke Aanwijzende Tafels, which listed the owner of each plot. Layers in the 'Wat' menu include ('Militaire kaarten') the complete series of 397 manuscript maps for the topographical map of the Netherlands (1:50,000, c.1850); WWII aerial photos ('Luchtfoto's'); and pre-cadastral maps ('Oude kaartboeken') . The site is the successor to De WoonOmgeving.nl. [See the article on this, in Dutch, by Elger Heere and Martijn Storms in Caert- Thresoor, 2005-3, pp.93-8]. {October, 2003; amended July 2008}
• Netherlands - Amsterdam (11 low res. plans - Amsterdam University Library) {March, 2001}
• Netherlands - 'Brabant in Kaart' ('Beelddatabank Historische Kaarten Brabant' comprising 623 maps; search 'Zoeken' or click on 'Blader' for thumbnail strips enlargeable to very high res. via Zoomify - Provincie Noord-Brabant) {April, 2009}
• Netherlands - Brabant. 'Kaarten en tekeningen' (a search for 'kaart' found 4,593 scanned images ['met scans'], in very high res.) - Brabants Historisch Informatie Centrum, 's-Hertogenbosch) {December, 2011; amended September 2017}
• Netherlands - Delfland. 'Oude kaarten van het Westland' (a selection of maps enlargeable to medium res.) {November, 2005}
• Netherlands – Delfland. ‘Kaarten en plattegronden van Midden- Delfland’ (links to recent and 19th-century maps) {November, 2017}
• Netherlands - Dirksland, bijna 800 jaar geschiedenis (high res. original and historical maps of that region of S. Holland, Middle Ages to present - Jacco Witvliet) {April, 2002}
• Netherlands – Drenthe. ‘Ook kaarten in Archiefstukken’ (7,034 ‘records’, enlargeable to very high res. - Drents Archief) {November, 2020}
• Netherlands - Drenthe. 'HISGIS Drenthe kadastrale registers 1832' (5,184 scans - Fryske Akademy and Drents Archief) {July, 2014}
• Netherlands – Friesland. ‘Fries Kaartenkabinet - Tresoar’ (evidently 13,138 images) {August, 2019}
• Netherlands - Friesland. 'Historisch GIS Fryslân' (a multi-layered GIS application based on the 1832 provincial cadaster) {January, 2006}
• Netherlands - Gelderland (focussing on Nijmegen, over 40 greatly enlarged high res. plans of the city and maps of its surroundings - Stichting Noviomagus.nl) {December, 2003}
• Netherlands - Gelderland. 'Gelderland in Beeld' (select Kaarten for 35 enlargeable high res. maps, mostly 19th century - Bibliotheek Arnhem) {February, 2004}
• Netherlands - Gelderland - Zeddam. ‘Landkaarten’ (a small selection of medium res. map details) {May, 2004}
• Netherlands - Groningen. 'Beeldbank Groningen' (a search for 'kaart' found 2,835 images, enlargeable to high res.) {January, 2015}
• Netherlands - Groningen. 'Prenten en kaarten' (various online map collections - Groninger Archieven) {January, 2015}
• Netherlands - The Hague. ‘Haagse Beeldbank’ (1,205 enlargeable maps, on which see Caert-Thresoor, 2018-3, pp.125-7 – city archives of The Hague) {October, 2018}
• Netherlands - Holland. 'Kaarten van Holland en Utrecht' (111 maps of Holland and 12 of Utrecht, enlargeable to high res., with commentary in Dutch - Gedigitaliseerde kaarten, Universiteit Utrecht) {October, 2009; updated 1 April 2015}
• Netherlands – Holland. ‘Ruim 2000 kaarten en plattegronden gedigitaliseerd’ (follow the ‘website’ link and select ‘genre’ for different map types - Streekarchief Midden Holland, Gouda) {March, 2022}
• Netherlands - Limburg ‘Collectie Smeets, Limburgse kaartencollectie vanaf de zestiende eeuw online raadpleegbaar’ (94 maps of the province that spans Belgium and the Netherlands, enlargeable to very high res. - Rijckheyt: Centrum voor regionale geschiedenis) {January, 2019}
• Netherlands - North Holland. 'Noord-Hollandse Beeldbank' (in Dutch: 'image database with old photos, post cards, drawings, views, maps, etc., 1500-' - click on "Klik hier om beelden te zoeken..."; then, selecting 'Cartografie' and 'zoek' produced 604 largish (but not enlargeable) thumbnail images) {August, 2001}
• < http://www.overijsselinkaart.nl > Netherlands - 'Overijssel in Kaart: De geschiedenis van Overijssel in oude en nieuwe kaarten'(select by place ['plaatsnaam'], publisher ['uitgever'], cartographer ['kaartmaker'] or publication date ['jaar van uitgave'], or click 'Zoeken' twice to browse 431 enlargeable ['vergroten'] high res. images - Stadsarchief en Athenaeumbibliotheek, Deventer) {December, 2001}
• Netherlands – Schieland. ‘Oude Kaarten’ (photo-albums for various maps of Schieland & Krimpenerwaard, from 1611 – Hoogheemraadschap van Schieland en de Krimpenerwaard) {October, 2017}
• Netherlands - South Holland. 'Dirksland, bijna 800 jaar geschiedenis' (select from 'Kaarten' for original and historical maps, enlargeable to high res.) {November, 2005}
• Netherlands - South Holland. 'Geschiedenis van Zuid- Holland - het historische verhaal en de archiefcollecties' (a collaborative site involving several archives, in Dutch; the images are enlargeable to medium res.) {November, 2007}
• Netherlands - South Holland (5,152, very high res. images (Beeldbank, Nationaal Archief, Netherlands) {August, 2009}
• Netherlands - South Holland. 'Polderreglementskaarten in de Beeldbank' (631 plans, enlargeable to high res. - Nationaal Archief. Beeldbank) {May, 2010}
• Netherlands. 'Tilburg op de kaart' (a selection of early maps, including the large Van Zijnen survey (1760), related to Google Maps and Streetview information - Regional Archives of Tilburg) {December, 2012}
• Netherlands - Voorne-Putten & Rozenburg. ‘Beeldbank’ (select ‘kaart’ for 1,574 high res. maps - Streekarchief Voorne-Putten & Rozenburg) {April, 2017}
• Netherlands - West-Friesland op Oude Kaarten (19 medium res. maps, 16th century to 1900, taken, with acknowledgement, from various sites - Frans J.P.M. Kwaad) {October, 2003}
• Netherlands – Westland. ‘Historische kaarten gemeente Westland’ {November, 2017}
• Netherlands - Zeeland. 'Zelandia Illustrata' (more than 20,000 maps, topographical prints and drawings - Zeeuws Archief) {January, 2015}
• + Netherlands - Zijpe. 'De Zijpe in kaart gebracht; Cartografie van de Zijpe en omgeving vanaf 1550' (MS and printed maps, some with links to their own page, with high res. general and detailed scans and descriptive text - a 2006 exhibition at the Zijper Museum) {March, 2008}
• Netherlands - Zutphen. (130 images, enlargeable to high res. - Regionaal Archief Zutphen) {November, 2007}
• Netherlands - Zutphen. 'Kijk op Zutphen: Plattegronden' (a selection of low res. plans) {December, 2003; revised February 2008}
• Norway (22 enlargeable high res. manuscript maps relating to Karl XII's attempt to conquer Norway in 1716 and 1718 [click on 'Vis alle kartene' to access the thumbnails]; accompanying text in Norwegian, though an English version is planned - Kartsamlingen, National Library of Norway) {August, 2002}
• Norway. Elektroniske kart (12 high res. MrSID maps, mostly of Scandinavia and Bergen - University Library, Bergen) {February, 2003}
• Norway. 'Håndtegnede gamle norske kart' (the online version of an exhibition (May-June 2014 in the Galleri Svedrup, Blindern) featuring MS survey maps by C.C. Buchholz and J.H. Reichborn (first half 19th century)) {June, 2014}
• Norway. ’Historiske kart’ (Kartverket: the Norwegian Mapping Authority) {March, 2021}
• Norway. Nasjonalbiblioteket (430 maps, from the 15th century onwards, enlargeable to high res.) {January, 2020}
• Norway. 'National Library of Norway's new database of 22 manuscript maps concerning the Swedish King Charles XII's campaign in Norway in 1716 and 1718' (with links to enlargeable high res. maps in the database: Benedicte Gamborg Briså in LIBER Quarterly 13 (2002)) {February, 2004}
• Poland. ‘200 rocznica smierci Perthéesa’ [200th anniversary of the death of Herman Karol de Perthées] (15 maps, enlargeable to high res., for the International Map Year 2015-2016 - Central Archives of Historical Records, Warsaw) {December, 2017}
• Poland. 'Dantiscum Emporium Totius Europæ Celeberrimum' (a selection of maps [including MSS and rare printed material], in low to medium res., mostly relating to Europe, with an emphasis on Poland - an exhibition from the Tomasz Niewodniczanski collection, in Gdansk, 2004-2005) {May, 2005}
• Poland. ‘Geography & Maps’ (links to other - PolishRoots) {March, 2005}
• Poland. ‘Kartograficzne skarby Biblioteki Narodowej’ (16 maps of Poland and elsewhere - National Library of Poland) {January, 2018}
• Poland. 'Kartographie: Sammlung von alten Karten' (select 'English', then 'Old Maps', for the maps with 26 high res., enlargeable images - Polish Museum in Rapperswil, Switzerland)
• Poland. 'Map Archive of Wojskowy Instytut Geograficzny 1919-1939' (scans of maps [at scales ranging from 1:25,000 and 1:3000,000] and geographical materials produced by the Institute - bilingual English and Polish) {November, 2006}
• Poland. 'Mapy historyczne' (a few medium res. maps of Danzig and East Prussia) {November, 2005}
• Poland. 'Old Maps of Poland and Germany' (a selection of high res. details of maps of the western part of present- day Poland, formerly Germany - polishpoland.com) {August, 2005}
• Poland - Krakow. 'Stare mapy krakowa' (a good selection of town plans, 1785-1976, enlargeable to medium or high res. - Adam Smialek) {May, 2007}
• Poland - 'Lódzkie mapy' (a selection of plans enlargeable to high res. - Lukasz Krawczyk, 2007) {December, 2013}
• Poland - Thorun. ‘Cartographia Thoruniana’ (20 city views and plans (1652-1911) in low-medium res. - University of Mikolaj Kopernik (Torun)) {September, 2004}
• Poland - ‘Warsaw. Lindley’s plans on the internet. Waterworks were built on their basis’ (Several dozen hand-drawn plans (1896-1906) created by the Lindley family in connection with water supply and sewage works - follow the instructions for navigating the Warsaw City Hall site) {October, 2021}
• Portugal. 'Arquivo virtual de cartografia urbana portuguesa' (select from the links for text and low-medium res. images of Portuguese towns and those in their colonies) {February, 2011}
• Portugal. 'O atlas de Pedro Texeira: Portos, barras e paisagens litorais da Península Ibérica em 1634' (pdf images [enlargeable to fairly high res.] of the 23 sheets covering Portugal [out of 88 in all], from the 1634 atlas by Pedro Teixeira entitled 'Descripcion de Espana y de las costas y puertos de sus reinos', comprising coastal perspectives and charts - Associação Campo Arqueológico de Tavira, Portugal) {September, 2005}
• Portugal. 'Biblioteca Nacional. Tesouros. Cartografia' (links to high res. scans and text for one atlas (Vaz Dourado, c. 1576) and four maps of Portugal and Brazil - Biblioteca Nacional, Lisbon) {September, 2007}
• Portugal. 'Cartas, Plantas, Esboços e Projectos: Cartografia Militar Portuguesa dos Séc. XVIII a XX' (you can search in English, Portuguese or Spanish [select from 'língua' and then click on 'Base bibliográfica geral'] for about 12,000 full descriptions [mostly of cartographic items in Portuguese and of Portugal but with others relating to Spain (particularly the frontier areas), Brazil, the African possessions, etc.] nearly all of which have at least one low to medium res. image [if there is an image, the final line in the entry will read: 'clique para visualizar o documento'; there are about 13,500 in total]; there is no geographical index but you can enter a place-name (in its Portuguese form) under 'Word/Palavra' ['Lisboa' found 1,641 items, 'Lisbon' 9] - Projecto SIDCARTA, Direcção dos Serviços de Engenharia) {April, 2006}
• Portugal. 'Cartografia' ('Todas as obras da BND relativas a cartografia, tais como mapas, cartas ou monografias relacionados' - what appears to be a vast site with 86,371 images of maps and monographs; however a search ('Pesquisar') for 'carta' retrieved 1,269 item, of which the majority seem to be non-cartographic; accessible via author, date or call number but not, apparently, by geographical area; web users can see only thumbnails - Biblioteca Nacional Digital, Portugal) {July, 2006}
• + Portugal. 'The Portuguese in the United States' (consult the Subject Index for 19 low res. maps - Library of Congress exhibition) {May, 2005}
• Portugal - Algarve. 'Mapas antigos do Algarve e de Portugal' (a selection of images, slow-loading but some enlargeable to very high res., some covering multi-sheet maps, 1579-1955 - Associação Campo Arqueológico de Tavira, Portugal) {September, 2005}
• Romania. 'Ethnicity Maps of Southeastern Europe (1930-1941)' (enlargeable to high res., with text to follow - 'a guide for researchers and educators about the Volkstumskarte series of maps of Romania, Hungary, Slovakia and Yugoslavia ... created by Wilfried Krallert and the Publikationsstelle Wien (P- Stelle) in 1941' - York University Libraries, Toronto) {July, 2013}
• ’Romania reflected in ethnic maps’ (a note illustrated with medium res. maps, by Dániel Zoltán Segyevy, Pangea blog, 18 April 2019 – with a link to a version in Hungarian) {May, 2019}
• Translate the following webpages, free, to/from Russian via Babelfish [it will be a poor translation but it will do it immediately]
• Russia. 'Maps of Russian cities and regions: resources catalogue' (leading to Projects, various listings (in English and cyrillic) of non-current maps and city plans of Russia and the countries of the former USSR - the essential site for the region, by Leonid Losin) {March, 2004}
• Russia (a site in Cyrillic containing scans of Russian maps from the 16th-18th centuries) {August, 2005}
• Russia (a complex site, including enlargeable sections of various maps, and other elements, in Cyrillic) {November, 2005}
• Russia (high res. images of maps of Russia; the site is in Russian) {May, 2007; amended February 2008}
• + Russia. ‘20th-century maps of the Soviet Union’ (online exhibition, illustrated with high res. scans, Osher Map Library, University of Southern Maine) {November, 2017}
• Russia. [Atlases and maps] (in Russian, including several atlases (from 1745) and a number from WW II, apparently covering the former Soviet Union, viewable via DjVu - militarymaps.org) {February, 2011}
• Russia. 'Atlas Russicus', 1745 (click on the link for access to high res. scans of the entire atlas{May, 2007}
• Russia. Collection of old Russian cadastral maps and papers: List of maps, papers and surveys (follow link 'Maps by Period' for a selection of low to medium res. images - Alexei Karimov) {May, 2006}
• Russia. 'First Atlas of Russia, Published in 1745' (published by the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg; an example with 17 maps and 2 text pages in addition to the usual 20 maps, enlargeable to very high res.- David Rumsey) {July, 2011}
• Russia. 'Historical maps of the Russian Empire and St. Petersburg region' (medium to high res. plans of St Petersburg, maps of Russia, Karelia, the Gulf of Finland, etc.) {November, 2001}
• Russia. 'Kartographycheskaya Rossica' [Mapping Russia] (in Russian; medium res. images - Alexei Boulatov) {July, 2011}
• Russia. 'Karty' (links to sites with Russian maps [mostly historical] - Oleg Lantsov) {December, 2002}
• Russia. 'The Lada-Mocarski Collection' (27 medium res., slow-loading, maps, 1562-1853, mostly of Russia - Yale University Library) {October, 2001}
• Russia. ‘Mysterious Turksib’ (in Cyrillic; high res. maps of Russian Central Asia) {February, 2005}
• Russia (a wide range of maps, 15th (?) to 20th century, apparently low to medium res. (but corrupted when I tried), very slow-loading (even with broadband) - and with 'Russian bride' adverts at the foot of the page) {December, 2003}
• Russia. 'Meeting of Frontiers: Collections from the Library of Congress: Maps' (Library of Congress - high res. MrSID images, with the ability to zoom, enlarge and select details, "illustrating the development of geographic knowledge of Siberia and the Russian Far East and the American West")
• Russia. 'National Electronic Library of Russia' (maps from the 16th to the end of the 19th century, comprising: Geographic maps of Russia; The world through the eyes of Russian cartographers ; The Heritage of Foreign Cartography - from the the Russian State Library (Moscow) and the Russian National Library (St. Petersburg)) {February, 2024}
• Russia. 'Old Russian Maps - mainly Russian Central Asia (former Turkestan)' (select 'Maps I' for 20 medium to high res. maps - Markus Hauser) {November, 2001}
• Russia. 'Rossijskoj Atlas (1800)' (title-page, index and 41 map sheets [the last including part of North America] in high res. - Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen) {May, 2003}
• Russia. ‘Russian Military Topographic Map Collection’ (more than 1000 (our of 4,000, 1883-1947) have been digitised, mostly focused on Russia and Eastern Europe but extending more widely – see the interactive Index map - Indiana University) {February, 2018}
• Russia. 'Russia Topographic Maps' (a small selection of topographical sheets covering Moscow and other cities and regions, evidently from the 1980s, large, slow-loading files, enlargeable to high res., in Russian) {December, 2006}
• Russia. 'Ryssland' (medium to high res. illustrations of a selection of early charts and atlases - VÖBAM) {January, 2006}
• Russia. ‘See the Classified Russian Maps That Fell Into Enemy Hands’ (‘Russian cartographers mapped their homeland in detail - making these secret charts invaluable to the Nazis, the U.S. Army, and the CIA’; Greg Miller for National Geographic, 2 August 2018, reproducing material from the Wells Library Map Collections, Indiana University, Bloomington) {August, 2018}
• Russia - Karelia. ‘Karjalan Kartat - Matka sinne, mitä ei enää ole’ [Maps of Karelia: a journey to a place that is no more] (low res. images of Finnish pre-1939 topographic maps - Maanmittauslaitos ja Topografikunta) {February, 2005}
• Russia - Karelia. 'Karjalan kartat' (high res. images of selected sheets from a number of 20th century topographical map series from the National Land Survey of Finland, with brief historical notes in Finnish and Swedish - 2002) {January, 2004}
• + Russia - Kronstadt. 'Kronstadt. 300 years of its founding' (a selection of medium res. plans and views from an exhibition in 2004 - Cartography Department of the National Library of Russia) {March, 2006}
• Russia - Moscow. [Atlas of Moscow by A.Khotev (1852-1853] (63 high res. images) {November, 2003}
• Russia - Moscow. ‘Internet and history of Moscow: online exhibition of unique city maps launched’ (See the images (in medium res.) and captions here; the material is from the "Mosstroyinform") {January, 2021}
• Russia - Moscow. Metro maps (a comprehensive collection, 1931-2010, in Russian) {March, 2011}
• Russia - Moscow. Moskva Putevoditel 1929 [General Map of Moscow] (very slow-loading, apparently medium res. images - text in Russian) {November, 2003}
• Russia - Moscow. 'Retromap' (a selection of plans through the ages, in Russian, displayed with Google Maps API; click the chronological list of links down the right side; these appear to be zoomable to high res. ) {February, 2010}
• Russia - 'St. Petersburg Environs' (over 70 high res. maps (some handled in sections), 16th-20th century, including the Karelian Isthmus and Finland - also a Russian version - Aleksej Shvarjov) {December, 2003}
• Russia - St Petersburg (six maps (1717-1834), enlargeable, very high res. images - Historic Cities Center of the Department of Geography, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and the Jewish National and University Library) {August, 2003}
• Russia - '"Vaga Dvina Junction" Map (in English - circa 1918)' (hand-drawn map of the Northern Dvina River (Severnaya Dvina), originally belonging to the deputy commander of the Slavo British Allied Legion (SBAL) Air Corps) {June, 2008}
• Russia in Asia. See under Asia - East Asia. 'Russia. Siberia'
• Scandinavia. Andreas Bureus' map of 1626 (with Swedish commentary by Göran Bäärnhielm - evidently enlargeable with FlashPix, for which instructions are provided (in Swedish - click 'FlashPix') - 'plug-in required'). [Another version].
• Scandinavia. ‘The Northern Lights Route’ (click on ‘A collection of maps’ for 10 images, enlargeable to medium res. - University Library, Tromsö, 1999) {March, 2005}
• Scandinavia. Olaus Magnus ‘Carta Marina’, 1539 (medium res. image of the wall-map) {March, 2005}
• Scandinavia. Olaus Magnus. 'Carta Marina' (medium res. images, with explanatory key - Uppsala universitetsbibliotek) {December, 2009}
• Serbia. 'Digital National library of Serbia' (comprising 'Atlases' (837 digital files), 'Belgrade on old maps (17), and 'Headquarters map of Serbia' ["Ðeneralštab" Map in 94 sections, 1894] (107); zoomable to medium res., but slow-loading) {July, 2008}
• + Serbia. 'Belgrade through the centuries /XVI - XX century/' (an online exhibition, with illustrations enlargeable to medium res. - Historical Archives of Belgrade) {October, 2015}
• Siberia. See under Asia - East Asia. 'Russia. Siberia'
• Silesia. ‘Presentation of old maps covering the area of Czechia, Moravia and Silesia’ (images from the 1st (1764-83) and 2nd (1819-58) Military Surveys and Johann Christoph Müller’s Survey (1716 & 1720), enlargeable to high res. - Jan Dušek, Geoinformatics Laboratory, University of J.E.Purkyne) {March, 2005}
• Slovakia. 'Ethnicity Maps of Southeastern Europe (1930-1941)' (enlargeable to high res., with text to follow - 'a guide for researchers and educators about the Volkstumskarte series of maps of Romania, Hungary, Slovakia and Yugoslavia ... created by Wilfried Krallert and the Publikationsstelle Wien (P- Stelle) in 1941' - York University Libraries, Toronto) {July, 2013}
• Slovenia. 'Digitalna knjižnica Slovenije' (about 250 maps, viewable in MrSID format at high res., relating to what is now Slovenia; from three collections - Digitalna knjižnica Slovenije) {February, 2011}
• Spain - archives. See under Spain - Simancas below
• Spain. 'Atles antics de la Cartoteca (s. XVI-XX)' (full scans of 17 atlases, 1590-1908, with a strong emphasis on Spain, enlargeable, slowly, to high res., from the Institut Cartogràfic de Catalunya, Barcelona) {July, 2015}
• Spain. ‘BibliotecaVirtualAndalucía’ (selecting, via Subcatálogo, 'Material cartográfico' and clicking 'Buscar', brings up a browsing list of 189 items (covering Spain with particular emphasis on Andalucía), enlargeable to high res.) {July, 2004; amended March 2012}
• Spain. 'Biblioteca Digital Hispánica' (clicking on either 'Mapas' or 'Mapas de España' leads to catalogue entries for 1,665 maps, most of which have accompanying scans enlargeable to medium res.; to change language, click first on 'Lenguas' (top right); for BDH homepage see here - Biblioteca Nacional de España) {January, 2008}
• Spain. 'Cartas, Plantas, Esboços e Projectos: Cartografia Militar Portuguesa dos Séc. XVIII a XX' (you can search in English, Portuguese or Spanish [select from 'língua' and then click on 'Base bibliográfica geral'] for about 12,000 full descriptions [mostly of cartographic items in Portuguese and of Portugal but with others relating to Spain (particularly the frontier areas - apparently about 100 altogether), Brazil, the African possessions, etc.] nearly all of which have at least one low to medium res. image [if there is an image, the final line in the entry will read: 'clique para visualizar o documento'; there are about 13,500 in total]; there is no geographical index but you can enter a place-name (in its Portuguese form) under 'Word/Palavra' - Projecto SIDCARTA, Direcção dos Serviços de Engenharia) {April, 2006}
• Spain. ‘Cartografía Antigua’ (if using the English select ‘Old geographic documentation and cartography’, then ‘Old Cartography’, and ‘Into a list’ which brings up 1,752 entries, 15th-19th centuries, of Spain and elsewhere - Instituto Geografico Nacional (IGN)) {December, 2020}
• Spain. ‘Cartografía y Artes Gráficas’ (1,087 entries, enlargeable to very high res. - Biblioteca Digital Real Academia de la Historia, Madrid) {December, 2020}
• Spain. Cartografía histórica (1737-1959), an illustrated note on various mapping types - Consejería de Medio Ambiente y Ordenación del Territorio, Secretaría General Técnica, Centro de Documentación y Biblioteca, Madrid) {August, 2005}
• Spain. ‘Cartografía Histórica de Andalucía’ (‘Se actualiza el Catálogo Digital de Cartografía Histórica de Andalucía con 25.000 nuevas referencias’, describing 50,000 colour images - Instituto de Estadística y Cartografía de Andalucía, Seville) {April, 2020}
• Spain. ‘Catálogo de la Cartoteca’ (arranged by period, marine charts, town plans and those that are digitised - Instituto Geografico Nacional (IGN)) {December, 2020}
• Spain. Civil War. ‘La Cartografía en la Guerra Civil española. Colección de la Universitat de València’ (an online exhibition; some of the maps can be enlarged to high res.) {December, 2017}
• Spain. ‘Catálogo colectivo de la red de Bibliotecas de los Archivos Estatales: Material cartografico AGS’ (a search produced 4,752 hits, enlargeable to high res.) {April, 2020}
• + Spain. Civil War. 'Mapes de la Guerra Civil: 1936-1939' (extended texts in Catalan, illustrated with maps, enlargeable via CONTENTdm - Universitat Autònomia de Barcelona, June 2011) {June, 2011}
• Spain. 'Fondos digitalizados de la Cartoteca "Rafael Mas' (featuring: (1) Atlas de Mercator: "Galliae tabulae geographicae" [all 174 sheets of, presumably, the 1585 ed.]; (2) Francisco Coello (1822 - 1898): "Atlas de España y sus posesiones de ultramar"; (3) Estudio de los regadíos en la Comunidad de Madrid (1985); (4) Planos de las Ciudades Españolas. A. Martín; large slow-loading files of (apparently) the complete works, enlargeable to high res. [but still blurred after some minutes] - Biblioteca y Archivo, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid) {July, 2008}
• Spain. Geological maps. 'Hispaniae Geologica Chartographia La representación geológica de España a través de la Historia' (pdf catalogue of an exhibition in Segovia, October-December 2015) {October, 2015}
• + Spain. ‘De Iberia a España a través de los mapas’ (text and illustrations of 67 maps [click on the thumbnail and then ‘ver obra’ for a version enlargeable to very high res.]; an exhibition at the Instituto Geográfico Nacional, April 2018-April 2019) {January, 2019}
• Spain. Instituto Geográfico Nacional. ‘Archivo Topográfico’ (comparative views, enlargeable to high res., of the Mapa Topográfico Nacional 1:50.000 (1878-1968), the original planimetric surveys (1870-1940) and photogrammetry) {March, 2016}
• Spain. Instituto Geográfico Nacional (various search options are offered for general and regional maps of Spain produced prior to the IGN's foundation) {January, 2015}
• Spain. 'Mapas antiguos de España' (a sequence of printed maps of Spain (without acknowledged source), 1548-1740, enlargeable but not fully legible - Portulanos blog) {July, 2009}
• Spain. ’Mapas de la Fundación Luis Giménez Lorente’ (22 atlases and nearly 350 maps are cited, evidently enlargeable to high res. - Politechnical University of Valencia) {March, 2017}
• Spain. 'Map Library of Catalonia: Cartoteca Digital' (1,603 'documents' (evidently most are maps), enlargeable to high res.; for more details of the site see Large general sites - Institut Cartogràfic de Catalunya, Barcelona). [Also here] {August, 2011}
• + Spain. 'Maps of Spain from the Enggass Collection' (medium res. images - Osher Map Library and Smith Center for Cartographic Education, University of Southern Maine)
• 'Spain, the United States & the American Frontier - Historias Paralelas', see also the sitemap [a collaboration between LC and collections in Spain - not formally part of the 'American Memory' project but overlapping with it] {March, 2001}
• Spain - Almeria. ‘Digitalizan planos históricos de la ciudad del Archivo Municipal Adela Alcocer’ (‘Abarcan de 1706 a 1917 y el más destacado es el de Joaquín Pérez de Rojas, de 1864, considerado el primer plan general urbano del municipio’) {March, 2016}
• Spain - Andalucía, la imagen cartográfica: Provincias de Marina (Eight manuscript maps, enlargeable to high res. - Instituto de Estadística y Cartografía de Andalucía) {August, 2019}
• + Spain - Aragon. 'El archivo como museo: Preciosidades y Curiosidades. Mapas y Planos' (11 medium res. MS maps, with a high res., pre-selected detail of each - Archivo de la Corona de Aragón) {November, 2002; amended February 2008}
• Spain - Cáceres. 'Cartografía Histórica de Cáceres' (plans and details from 1822 onwards, enlargeable to high res. - Ayuntamiento de Cáceres) {July, 2015}
• Spain - Cadiz. ‘Mapas y Vistas - Cádiz - Maps & Views’ (a bilingual, Spanish-English site, with commentary on over 200 maps, dealing comprehensively with Cadiz’s cartographic history, fully illustrated (in many cases in high res.) and, where feasible, including links to the library’s own scans - created by Miguel Ángel García-Agulló) {March, 2021}
• Spain - Canaries (Canary Islands) see under Africa
• Spain - Catalonia. 'Les fronteres de Catalunya. Segles XVII i XVIII' (a selection of maps, arranged by period, enlargeable to medium res. - an exhibition at the Biblioteca de Catalunya, November-December 2015) {November, 2015}
• Spain – Catalonia. ‘Historia de Cataluña con mapas’ (brief text and seven medium res. illustrations - Nosolosig, 16 March 2016). {May, 2016}
• Spain - Catalonia. 'Map Library of Catalonia: Cartoteca Digital' (several thousand 'documents' (evidently most are maps), enlargeable to high res.; for more details of the site see Large general sites - Institut Cartogràfic de Catalunya, Barcelona). [Also here] {August, 2011}
• Spain – Madrid. ‘Los mapas de Madrid a través de los siglos’ (14 maps, 1622-2018, enlargeable to very high res.) {January, 2019}
• Spain – Mallorca - Palma. ‘mapamallorca’ (maps of 1644 and 1869 can be overlaid on a Google map - Aaron Amengual Arranz) {December, 2016}
• Spain - Navarra. 'Documentación de Cartografía e Iconografía' (search the Archivo Abierto for 709 plans and views, 1516-1950 on high res. pdfs - Archivo Real y General, Gobierno de Navarra) {January, 2015}
• < http://www.mcu.es/archivos/Novedades/novedades_PARES_Coleccion_Digital_Mapas.html > Spain - Simancas. 'Colección Digital de Mapas, Planos y Dibujos del Archivo General de Simancas' (catalogues and guides to accessing the collection); see also 'Catálogo Colectivo de la Red de Bibliotecas de los Archivos Estatales' (with images that seem to be exclusively from the Archivo General de Simancas (AGS) although the site is that of the Spanish Ministry of Culture and the page title covers all twelve state archives; perhaps this is the only archive to have placed its map collection online) {October, 2011}
• Spain & Portugal ( high res. scans of the town plans from Baedeker’s Spain & Portugal Handbook, 1901 - Alan Gresley: ‘Baedeker's Old Guide Books’) {March, 2005}
• Sweden (click 'Geografi och topografi' for geographical headings down the left margin of this mapseller's site for a wide range of medium res. images, with brief descriptions in Swedish - VÖBAM) {January, 2006}
• Sweden. 'Alvin' (the image database [formerly known as 'Bildsök'] apparently with 680 maps - search for 'kartar'; click on the lower icon to the right of the image for high res. JPEG 2000 scans - Uppsala University) {January, 2014}
• Sweden. Cadastral Maps from land reforms during the 18th and 19th centuries (Select 'Historical Maps Prototype System' for 4,671 high res., enlargeable MrSID images, 'from different parts of the country, trying to give a broad impression of the different types of material in the archives', including some earlier examples - part of the Digital Historical Maps project. Images can be selected from an index or via a clickable map. There are versions of the site in Danish, English, German and Swedish) {October, 2001}
• Sweden. 'From the Swedish town to the Russian capital: maps and plans XVII-XVIII centuries' (50 MS maps, enlargeable to medium res. [see the Introduction for a note on the map coverage and sources] - Consulate General of Sweden, Saint Petersburg) {September, 2006}
• Sweden. Göta Kanal (240 high res. maps of the projected and completed canal (1754, 1774-84, 1808, including some by Thomas Telford, with modern air photos for comparison - Reinhold Castensson) {January, 2002}
• Sweden. ‘Historical maps’ (you can search geographically for maps from 1628 onwards – Lantmäteriet [Sweden’s mapping and land registration agency]) {October, 2017}
• Sweden. 'Historiska kartor' (Lantmäteriet, Gävle) {October, 2010}
• Sweden. 'Kartor' (a selection of maps of Sweden and elsewhere, viewable via Zoom - Royal Library, Stockholm {February, 2008}
• Sweden. 'Kartor i Sverige' (four 18th century maps, low res. with some pre-selected enlargements - a commercial site) {December, 2003}
• Sweden. 'Kartrummet' (comprising 'Ekonomiska kartor äldre än 1930', 'Topografiska kartor' and 'Stockholmskartor'; accessible, presumably in high res. via Zoomify - Stockholms universitet) {October, 2010}
• Sweden. Lantmäteriverket. 'Historical Maps' (over 100,000 high res. maps: (a) Häradskartan [MS, 1:20,000, c. 1870, the earliest large-scale map of Sweden]; (b) Generalstabskartan [1:100,000 or 1:200,000, c.1900]; (c) historical town plans. At high res., small portions can be viewed for free; there is a charge for downloading an entire map. NB the 'historical maps' pages are not available via Netscape and need to be accessed via Explorer, with Java and cookies enabled. At this stage, most of the commentary on the various map series, and the instructions, are available in Swedish only. The intention was to have had 300,000 maps available by the end of 2002, with the entire 2.3 million available by 2006 (although there will be restricted access, for confidentiality reasons, to some of the 20th century maps). See ’Modelling historical landscapes’ (an 8-page article by Stefan Ene & Ingemar Bengtsson describing the use made of the digitised older maps in modern planning). The Swedish maps from the Digital Historical Maps project are also accessible via 'Historical Maps' - the Lantmäteriverket [Swedish national survey agency, established 1628]) {February, 2002}. Update: the English pages are now functioning and there are now over 100,000 maps, including "a whole range of new map series from the Swedish Land Survey Board's map archives - where you now can find road maps, provincial and county maps, overview maps, parish maps and much more"; specifically: Geographical Survey Office's map archives, 'Land Use and Topographic maps (1859-1974)'; Land Survey Board's map archives, 'Town and cadastral maps (1630-1974)'; Regional map archives, 'Cadastral documents and maps (1690-)' {August, 2002}
• Sweden. ‘Meny med kartlänkar’ (scans and links to other sites for a small selection of maps, mostly covering Småland in southern Sweden - Sam Blixt) {December, 2004}
• Sweden. Royal Library (317 scanned maps, enlargeable (in a replacement scan) to high res.; alternative access here {January, 2015; updated July 2015}
• Sweden. TORA (Topographic register of the National Archives (a large corpus of 17th century cadastral maps – a test application with a map interface) {January, 2020}
{January, 2020}
• Sweden - Djurgården (historical maps of the former royal hunting preserve outside Stockholm, viewable via DjVu Browser plug-in) {August, 2002}
• Sweden - Småland (select 'Historiska kartor 1560-1783' and 'Historiska sjökort' for eight maps and sea charts of Tjust in the northeastern part of Småland, in medium to high res.) {March, 2004}
• Sweden - Stockholm (12, apparently high res. scans of city plans (1625-1922), to be viewed with Google Earth; site in Swedish - Stockholms Stadsarkiv) {February, 2007}
• Switzerland (1,014 manuscript maps, mostly of Swiss subjects, enlargeable to high res. - Zentralbibliothek Zürich, via Netzwerk von Bibliotheken und Informationsstellen in der Schweiz (NEBIS)) {November, 2008}
• + Switzerland. Alps. ‘Crossing Boundaries: Art//Maps’ (enlargeable images with captions; exhibition curated by Janet Spitz at the Leventhal Map & Education Center, Boston Public Library, October 2018 - April 2019) {January, 2019}
• Switzerland. 'Alte Landkarten der Schweiz' (a growing collection of high res. images of maps and city plans from the collection of Marcel Zumstein) {January, 2004}
• Switzerland. Basel University Library (557 maps of Switzerland and elsewhere, with a choice of resolutions - Wikimedia Commons) {October, 2015}
• Switzerland. ‘Durch Raum und Zeit / Through space and time’ (‘An invitation to everyone to precisely locate maps from four centuries and to understand the changes in the environment’: comprising ‘over 2500 digitized old Zurich and Swiss maps from the Maps and Panoramas Department of the Zurich Central Library’, available for georeferencing – bilingual Swiss/English) {June, 2021}
• Switzerland. 'e-manuscripta' ('the digital platform for manuscript material from Swiss libraries and archives'; selecting 'Maps, Plans' found 346 items [the target is about 2000], enlargeable to very high res. - hosted by ETH-Bibliothek, Zurich) {July, 2013}
• Switzerland. 'e-rara' ('Swiss libraries make digitized rare books from the 15th to 19th century available, free of charge ... as well as maps dating from the 16th to the 19th century'; selecting 'Thematic Collections: Maps' found 2,308 items [February 2015], enlargeable to very high res.; these include 900 and 800 maps respectively for their own regions, from the Universitätsbibliothek Basel and the Zentralbibliothek Zürich - hosted by ETH-Bibliothek, Zurich) {July, 2013}
• Switzerland. 'Journey through time' (marking their 175th anniversary, swisstopo (the Federal Office of Topography) offers comparison of their 25,000, 50,000 & 100,000 series (1938-2011); later in 2013 this will be extended backwards to 1838) {February, 2013}
• Switzerland. Kartenportal.CH (a new metacalogue containing 'half a million maps from all over the world – from mediaeval manuscript maps to current printed ones', searchable by the region covered or the individual institution - see the About page for background) {November, 2014}
• Switzerland. ‘Manuscript Maps of Switzerland and Abroad’ (over 1000 MS maps [requiring password-access?] - European Library: Zentralbibliothek Zürich) {January, 2017}
• ’Switzerland Scans’ (38 high res. maps and town plans from Baedeker’s 1881 handbook - Jonathan Hipkiss) {March, 2005}
• + Switzerland. ‘Schöpfkarte - Landesbeschreibung im Alten Bern’ (an online exhibition from 2020 celebrating the 500th birthday of the Bern city doctor Thomas Schöpf (1520–1577) {January, 2021}
• Switzerland. ‘swisscollections’ (I quote without comment their description: ‘The swisscollections Association has created a new catalogue for special collections under the leadership of the University of Basel and in collaboration with the Zentralbibliothek Zürich and other institutions… manuscripts, rare books, music records, archive holdings, maps and images can be searched for and ordered easily’) {June, 2021}
• Switzerland. 'Swiss maps, plans and topographical views' (about 1000, high res. images (viewable via Zoomify), searchable via title, place-name, author and the containing volume - Sammlung Ryhiner/Ryhiner Collection, Stadt- und Universitätsbibliothek, Bern) {October, 2003; updated July 2008}
• Switzerland. Virtual Library Eduard Imhof. "Eduard Imhof - Cartographer and Artist" (medium to high res. images of his atlases and maps, mostly of Switzerland)
• Switzerland - Aargau. 'Historische Kartenwerke zum Kanton Aargau' (eight high res. maps, 1802-2000, which you can navigate around by selecting the district name 'Gemeinde') {March, 2004}
• Switzerland - Basle (114 enlargeable, low to medium res. maps - Digital Map Archive of the State Archives of Basel-Landschaft) {May, 2002}
• Switzerland - Geneva (select links for five high res. city plans, 1851-72, and three details from maps of the canton (from swisstopo)) {April, 2005}
• Turkey. ‘The Gallipoli map collection’ (a small selection from the collection of over 300 maps, arranged according to Landing (April 1915), Cemetery, Turkish and Trench categories, enlargeable to high res. - Australian War Memorial) {April, 2007}
• Ukraine. 'Atlas Ukrainae et Ponti Euxini / Early Maps of the Ukraine and the Black Sea' (including an introduction, with links to Wikipedia entries on the mapmakers, descriptions of about 200 printed maps, many with illustrations (enlargeable to fairly high res.) from the author's collection, a listing of the Ptolemaic maps, and a bibliography - by Volodymyr Dmyterko) {February, 2010}
• + Ukraine. ‘Borderlands - Ukraine in historical maps’ (an online exhibition, in English and Ukrainian, with images enlargeable to high res. – Leiden University Libraries, April 2022) {May, 2022}
• Ukraine. ‘MAPA: Digital Atlas of Ukraine’ (Ukrainian Research Institute at Harvard University) {November, 2017}
• Ukraine. 'Maps - Early works to 1800' (22 maps, enlargeable to high res., a selection from Ukraine under Western Eyes, the 2013 catalogue by Steven Seegel of the Bohdan and Neonila Krawciw Collection at Harvard) {January 2022}
• Ukraine. 'Maps' (17 high res. (though a little blurry) maps of the Ukraine and surrounding region, titled in Ukrainian and English) {December, 2003}
• Ukraine - Lviv (a street directory and guide book to Lviv (Leopol, Lemberg, Lwow), formerly in Galicia, are linked to a 1938 street plan, enlargeable to medium res. - JewishGen) {March, 2005}
• Ukraine - Lviv. 'Urban Maps Digital' (the stated aim is to focus on "the digitalization of historic maps of Lviv and other cities and towns in East Central Europe"; at present there are five maps, labelled Lemberg and Lwow (the Polish and German names for Lviv), enlargeable to high res.- Center for Urban History of East Central Europe) {September, 2008}
• U.S.S.R. see for convenience under Russia (above)
• Yugoslavia. 'Ethnicity Maps of Southeastern Europe (1930-1941)' (enlargeable to high res., with text to follow - 'a guide for researchers and educators about the Volkstumskarte series of maps of Romania, Hungary, Slovakia and Yugoslavia ... created by Wilfried Krallert and the Publikationsstelle Wien (P- Stelle) in 1941' - York University Libraries, Toronto) {July, 2013}
• Yugoslavia see also Istria (etc.), above

      + online exhibitions