See also 'Central & Eastern Europe', 'Balkans', 'Mediterranean'

• Europe. 'Antique Maps Gallery' (seven 19th-century, enlargeable, high res. maps of Germany, Greece, Italy and Turkey - Christos Nüssli) {February, 2003}
• Europe. 'Carte Générale des Postes de l'Europe' (enlargeable, high res. images of John Rocque's wall map of the roads of Europe (Sayer, 1781) - Christos Nüssli) {February, 2003}
• Europe. 'Cartographies' (a small selection of large 18th & 19th century maps of the countries of Europe and the Mediterranean; you can bring up pre-selected sections at fairly high res. - euratlas) {April, 2006}
• Europe. 'Facsimile Maps from the Mercator Atlas of Europe' (scroll down to a list of the low res. maps - Walking Tree Press, 1998)
• Europe. 'Garnisonkarte von Mitteleuropa' (high res. image of the 1897 map) {July, 2005}
• Europe. H.C. BERANN (bibliography, with sample illustrations, of the entire oeuvre of 566 ‘panorama’ maps (mostly of Austria, Italy and Switzerland) by Heinrich Caesar Berann [1915-99] - Matthias Troyer) {September, 2004}
• Europe. ‘Historical- Geographical Encyclopedia of the World (1880-1898): Historical Maps’ (a single alphabetical index leads to high res. images of late 19th century maps of countries (47) and cities (88) [mostly European] - Hanno Kolbe, Hic Leones) {February, 2005}
• Europe. Mercator. 'First atlas of Europe: compiled by Mercator in the 1570s' (a 'Turning the Pages' presentation from the British Library, allowing you to 'leaf through' the entire volume, which includes his wall-maps of Europe (1554) and the British Isles (1564); there is a magnifying glass tool but (apparently) no way to enlarge in general above low to medium res., an introductory text, and some audio; however, to gain access to any of these features you must first download Macromedia Shockwave, for which broadband connection is strongly advised) {September, 2005}
• Europe. Pope Pius II (Piccolomini) Opera omnia, Basle, 1551 (including 16 high res. woodcut maps of Europe - Monumenta Germaniae Historica) {May, 2004}
• Europe. Road maps. 'Petrol Maps: Mapping the history of oil company road maps in Europe' (select, e.g. 'Brands', for over 80 pages 'looking in detail at the maps produced by each brand of petrol' - low res. images, from Ian Byrne)
• Europe. Town plans. 'Historic Cities' (enlargeable, very high res. images of over 500 early city plans (August 2003) comprising 200 images from Braun & Hogenberg, and others from Breydenbach, Schedel, Münster, Coronelli, Pinargenti, etc., searchable by city, author and date, with special features, such as a 'Paris Stroll' (1572) and sequences on individual cities, e.g. 'Ancient maps of Jerusalem', and St Petersburg - Historic Cities Center of the Department of Geography, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and the Jewish National and University Library). See also under Web Projects {August 2003}
• Europe. Town plans - see also Web Images ('Themes') - Towns
• Europe. Willem and Joan Blaeu (over 100 maps, viewable in three [slow-loading] resolutions, including high res., from an incomplete copy of volume 1 of Blaeu's Theatrum Orbis Terrarum [1645], comprising 'Europa, Germania, Germania Inferior' (i.e. eastern and northern Europe, Germany and the Netherlands) - Charles E.Young Research Library, UCLA) {August, 2002}
• Europe. World War 1. Trenches on the web (a selection of medium res. images, mostly of France, 'reproduced from sets published by The Battery Press in conjunction with the Imperial War Museum') {April, 2001}
• Arctic. ‘The Northern Lights Route’ (click on ‘A collection of maps’ for 10 images, enlargeable to medium res. - University Library, Tromsö, 1999) {March, 2005}
• Austria- Hungary. '3rd Military Mapping Survey of Austria-Hungary' (fairly high res. images (apparently at the original size) of the 267 sheets of the general map of Central Europe (1:200 000), published (?) in the period 1889-1915; the listing for each sheet includes publication date and the surveyors involved, with some commentary in German; access is via the listing or an index map - Eötvös Loránd University, Department of Cartography and Geoinformatics) {August, 2005}
• Austria-Hungary. ‘Osztrák-Magyar Monarchia vármegyéi a XX. szd. elején’ (high res. images of parallel sequences of maps, c. 1904-30, at approx. 1:400,000, covering selected provinces of the Empire - Eötvös Loránd University, Department of Cartography and Geoinformatics) {December, 2004}
• Austria-Hungary see also separately under Austria and Hungary below
• Central & Eastern Europe (51 high res. maps from the Comprehensive Atlas and Geography of the World (published by Blackie and Sons, 1882) - FEEFHS East European Map Room). [See also this version].
• Central & Eastern Europe (12 medium res., slow-loading, maps - mostly by Rollos 1766 - Yale University Library) {October, 2001}
• South-eastern Europe. 'Historical maps of south-eastern Europe' (a few high res. details, mostly of Hungary) {January, 2002}

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• + Alps. 'La Montagne Découverte: Exposition Médiathèque' (about six low to medium res. maps, both printed and manuscript, with commentary, focussing on the French Alps - Chambéry, Médiathèque Jean-Jacques Rousseau) {July, 2002}
• Alps. Swiss, German and Austrian Alpine Club Cartography (a well-illustrated, 11-page pdf article by Martin Gamache, Alpine Mapping Guild) {February, 2008}
• Austria (low res. Austrian town plans, 18th & 19th centuries; clicking on the image initiates an email instead of enlarging - Johann Orth) {February, 2004}
• Austria. ‘Arzl und Umgebung in alten Landkarten’ (eight high res. details (18th-20th centuries) of the area near Innsbruck - Dietrich Feil) {April, 2005}
• Austria. ‘Niederösterreichkarte von Georg Matthäus (Mathias) Vischer’ (very high res. scans of the 16 sections of Vischer’s 1697 map of Lower Austria, at ca. 1:144.000 - Land Niederösterreich) {February, 2005}
• Austria. ‘Die schönsten und wichtigsten Landkarten Österreichs aus vier Jahrhunderten’ (seven high res. maps relating to the publication Landkarten Archiv) {February, 2005}
• Austria - Vienna. 'Wien Kulturgut' (select 'Stadtgeschichte', and then Karten vor 1850 for commentary and high res. images of eight Vienna plans including the nine parts of the Carl Graf Vasquez plan of 1830 - City government of Vienna) {January, 2008}
• Austria see also under Austria-Hungary (in the first, general, section above) and Hungary (below)
• + Balkans. 'Balkan in kaart: vijf eeuwen strijd om identiteit' (click on 'Tentoonstelling' for links to 47 high res. maps, with extended captions (in Dutch) - Universiteitsbibliotheek, Leiden, 2003) {February, 2004}
• Balkans (high res. images, with the ability to zoom, enlarge and select details - Map Collection, University of Melbourne)
• Baltic Sea. Russian Cartography of the Baltic Sea: Eighteenth Century: Atlas of the Baltic Sea by Aleksei Nagaev, 1757 (clicking on a main link in the central panel, or a title in the right panel, produces a medium res., slow-loading JPEG image; clicking instead on the "(hres)" link beside the link title in the central column produces a large, scrollable high res., but very slow-loading GIF image - Pellervo Kokkonen) {July, 2001 - amendment}
• Baltic Sea. 'Spionkartor av brittiske amiralen Sir John Norris' (some medium res. illustrations of the charts in 'A Compleat Sett of New Charts containing The North Sea, Cattegat and Baltick' - VÖBAM) {January, 2006}
• Baltic Sea. 'Uncovering the past of the Baltic Sea countries (1450-1800)' (18 high res. maps and plans: a group on Finland, also including, Gdansk, Karlskrona, Pärnu, Riga, River Elbe, Saaremaa, Stralsund, Wismar - collaborative Baltic Connections Project) {June, 2008}
• Belarus (a selection of high res. details from various 19th and 20th century maps) {July, 2002}
• Belarus. ‘Alba Ruthenia.: Belarusian History Index: Geographical’ (a gateway site, with sections, ‘Maps for historians’ and ‘City Maps’ [including links for Lithuania, Poland and Russia] - part of the WWW-VL) {March, 2005}
• Belarus. 'Maps of Belarus' (mostly historical but a few original maps - Virtual Guide to Belarus) {December, 2003}
• Belgium (enlargeable, very high res. city plans, images from eight collections by Beaulieu, late 17th century - Kyoto University Library) {November, 2002}
• Belgium. 'Galerie de cartes géographiques anciennes: Tournaisis, Comté de Hainaut' (17 medium to high res. details; first click the red button - Raymond Bulion) {July, 2005}
• Belgium. 'Kaarten van het Grensschap' (a small selection of high res. maps and siege plans of Grensschap and Limburg, both originals and reconstructions) {February, 2004}
• Belgium. 'Patrimoine Cartographique de Wallonie' (15,454 cartographic documents of various types, viewable in high res. MrSID format, once you have downloaded the DjVu Plug-in; searchable only in French at this stage, by first selecting 'Walloniae' [the southern, French-speaking part of Belgium] or 'hors [outside] Wallonie', then selecting from a place-name index; comprising: matrices Popp (12,882 images), Plans Popp (768 files), topographic maps (1054 files), cartographic and topographic postcards (750 images) - Ministère wallon de l'Equipement et des Transports) {August, 2002}
• Belgium. 'Plans et profils du département du Nord et de la Belgique' (medium res. images, from a Beaulieu atlas, covering Cambrai, Flanders, Hainaut and Namur - Vincent Boez ) {August, 2005}
• Belgium. 'Soil map of Belgium' (first click 'Collections', then click on the relevant thumbnail to bring up a browsing list of the map published at 1:20,000 by the Comité voor het opnemen van de Bodemkaart en de Vegetatiekaart van België, Brussels, 1950-1971; high res. images viewable with/without MrSID plugin - from the collections of the former Rijks Geologische Dienst in Haarlem and the former Bodemkundig Instituut van de Rijksuniversiteit Utrecht) {March, 2006}
• Belgium - Flanders. ‘Cartes de Cassini, Nord de la France’ (12 medium res. map sections (1570-1874) - Centre de Recherche Généalogique Flandre Artois) {September, 2004}
• Belgium - Flanders. ‘Les Moulins: Plans et Cartes’ (nine high res. map details, 16th-19th century, showing the sites of windmills in ‘Flanders’ [S. Belgium and N. France], relating to the genealogy of the Morel family) {December, 2004}
• Belgium - Hainaut. ‘Douchy et le Hainaut, histoire locale et généalogie’ (16 high res. details of 16th-19th century maps; also check ‘Cartes et Plans’ on the Index des illustrations - Michel Turpain) {May, 2004}
• Belgium - Liège. 'Anciens plans et cartes' (six low to medium res. plans - Fabrice Muller) {January, 2006}
• Bohemia, see under Czech Republic below
• BRITISH ISLES
• Croatia. 'Collectio Felbar' (commentaries, in German, on about 140 illustrated maps: [click on one of the headings, e.g. 'Deutsche Kartographie', to reach a sub-menu]; NB none of the low to medium res. illustrations available February 2008) {May, 2002; updated February 2008}
• Croatia. 'Stare karte Hrvatske' (a selection of medium res. maps including Croatia, text in Croatian - National and University Library, Zabreb) {September, 2007}
• Cyprus (27 high res. maps, 1562-1914 - Bank of Cyprus Cultural Foundation) [also to be found here]
• Cyprus. 'Cyprus Map Collections' (via the [Select category] menu, select a mapmaker or 'category' for a selection of items with brief descriptions and small illustrations [which it seems to be theoretically possible to enlarge] - Bank of Cyprus Cultural Foundation) {August, 2005}
• Cyprus. 'Sylvia Ioannou Cyprus Map Collection' ("manuscript and printed maps, atlases, isolarii, nautical charts and portolan maps ... focusing on the representations of Cyprus geography but also on those of Greece and the Mediterranean") {July, 2007}
• Czech Republic. ‘Presentation of old maps covering the area of Czechia, Moravia and Silesia’ (images from the 1st (1764-83) and 2nd (1819-58) Military Surveys and Johann Christoph Müller’s Survey (1716 & 1720), enlargeable to high res. - Jan Dušek, Geoinformatics Laboratory, University of J.E.Purkyne) {March, 2005}
• Czech Republic. 'Staré a historické mapy Cech, Moravy a Slezska' (sub-titled: 'Projekt Staré Mapy: Rozcestník pro historickou kartografii a geoinformatiku' - a complex site, in (presumably) Czech; selecting this link leads to volumes XX-XXIII of 'Mapová sbírka B.P.Molla, Atlas Austriacus', covering Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia, with a large number of 17th-19th century maps and plans, enlargeable to high res.; in each case, click on 'záznam MASTER' for the index and 'Náhledy' for thumbnails) {April, 2008}
• Czech Republic. 'Staré mapy Ceských zemí' (16 maps, 1518-1957, with commentary, enlargeable to high res., though slow-loading) {July, 2002}
• Czech Republic. ‘Ústrední archiv zememerictví a katastru’ (five high res. maps, 1843-1943, as samples of different types - Ceský úrad zememerický a katastrální) {March, 2005}
• Denmark. 'Copperplates from Resens Atlas Danicus 1677' (the entire atlas, with 109 maps and plans, viewable, in high res., via DJVu Browser Plug-in - Royal Library, Copenhagen) {July, 2007}
• Denmark. 'Danmark før og nu' [Denmark today and yesterday] ] (click on "Danmark før og nu" twice (from 'Mest til fritid' on the first screen, and above 'Internet Explorer 5.0' on the second screen) to compare chosen parts of Denmark from an 18th/19th century and a modern map - Kort & Matrikelstyrelsen) {August, 2002}
• Denmark. 'Frederik V's Atlas' (images, viewable in zoomable high res., via the DjVu plugin, from the 55-volume world atlas, comprising 400 maps given to Frederick V at his birth in 1723, expanding to 3,535 plates by the time of his death in 1766; see the 38-page analysis by Ib Rønne Kejlbo: 'Manuscript maps in the Frederik den Femtes Atlas' (1969) - the project started in late 2003 and catalogue descriptions are still to be added [at present, (March 2004) there are no contents lists for the individual volumes] - Royal Library, Copenhagen) {March, 2004}
• + Denmark. ‘Købstadskort på nettet’ (a selection of medium res. scans of manuscript plans of Danish towns and roads (mostly 18th & 19th centuries); in Danish - Danish National Archives) {March, 2007}
• + 'Denmark on the world map' (exhibition at the Royal Library, Copenhagen, presented in the form of a slideshow, 2003; alternatively select from 11 images (enlargeable once the LizardTech software has been downloaded)) {August, 2003}
• Denmark - Aarlborg. ‘Historiske kort’ (in Danish, very high res. images of Målebordsblade (official survey maps), Aeldre bykort (older town maps), Gamle Sognekort (old parish maps); select Vis större billede (show larger image) or Vis originalbilledet (show the original, very high res., image) - Aarlborg Kommune) {December, 2004}
• Denmark - Copenhagen. 'Gamla kartor från Köpenhamn' (enlargeable fairly high res. images of plans of 1659, 1770, 1906 and a view of 1611 - pdf files) {March, 2004}
• Denmark - Copenhagen. ‘Hjortsøe's lokalhistoriske billeder - Gamle bykort’ (a small selection of high res. town plans (some as details), mostly of Copenhagen) {December, 2004}
• Denmark - Slesvig. 'Udvalgte historiske Slesvig-kort' (13 maps, 1783-1953 - click the image size link for the whole map and 'udsnit' for a detail, both in high res.) {March, 2004}
• Estonia. 'Old Narva Maps. Arhitektuuri ja Linna Planeerimise Amet' (14 medium res. pdf images, 1634-1976) {July, 2005}
• Estonia. ‘Vanad kaardid. Näituse materjalid’ [Old maps. Exhibition materials] (23 maps, 16th-18th century, including the Baltic States, Scandinavia and European Russia [enlargeable, but out of focus] - Tartu University Library) {December, 2004}
• Estonia. ‘Vanu linnaplaane RRis k- Tallinn’ (high res. images of town plans: Tallinn (13 plans), Tartu, Pärnu and Narva (4 plans each - click separate links) - National Library of Estonia) {December, 2004}
• Estonia. ‘Vanad maakaardid Eesti Rahvusraamatukogu kartograafiakogus’ (39 high res. maps of Estonia and Latvia ['Livonia'], the Baltic States, Scandinavia and European Russia, 16th-18th centuries, with commentary in Estonian - National Library of Estonia) {December, 2004}
• Finland. ‘Historiallisia karttalinkkejä Suomesta’ (a good selection of links for the cartographic history of Finland by Jyrki Lehtinen, including a number with images) {December, 2004}
• + Finland. 500 years on the map of Europe (low res. images - Erkki Fredrikson, Museum of Central Finland, Jyväskylä)
• Finland. '1600-luvun maakirjakartat' ('Cadastral maps of the 17th century': several hundred estate plans, by Jonas and Anders Streng (1634-46), available in three different resolutions, including high res. - see full index - text throughout in Finnish - University of Jyväskylä) {March, 2002}
• Finland. 'Central Finland in old maps' (11 enlargeable high res. maps of Central Finland, 16-19th century: land survey, parish, local, hunting maps, etc. - Finnica - Orientation Centre and Network for Finnish Culture and Heritage, Jyväskylä) {July, 2003}
• Finland. ‘Databasen Etnpic’ (low to medium res. images: in ‘Fritext’, seaching for karta produced 57 hits; while the ‘Ämnesord’ [subject] index has entries under several cartographic headings [in Finnish] - Department of Ethnology, Åbo Akademi University, Finland) {December, 2004}
• Finland. The Kalmberg Atlas, 1855 (high res. details - Helsinki University Library, edited by Pauli Kruhse)
• Finland. ‘Kymenlaakson historialliset kartat [KYHIKA]’ (low res. images of over 1000 "hand drawn maps of Kymenlaakso and nautical charts of the Gulf of Finland (16th to mid 19th century) - a growing collection from the archives of Finland, Sweden and Russia) {December, 2004}
• Finland. MUISTI - 'the joint database of digitized national material of libraries, archives, and museums' [Medium res., with high res. sectional details. Enter under 'Freetext search' kartat; or search for maps via the Index term register - (65 maps of Scandinavia, Europe, etc.)]
• Finland. ‘The National Archives Digital Archive’ (searching for Maanmittaushallitus leads to three subsidiary archives with high res. maps) {February, 2005}
• Finland (nautical charts of the coast of southern Finland, 1790's, from the Military Archives of Sweden - Teppo Tiittanen) {April, 2008}
• Finland. 'St.Petersburg Environs' (over 70 high res. maps (some handled in sections), 16th-20th century, including the Karelian Isthmus and Finland - also a Russian version - Aleksej Shvarjov) {December, 2003}
• Finland. 'A selection of events and documents on the history of Finland' (links to various images of Finnish maps, on this and other sites - Pauli Kruhse) {November, 2003}
• Finland. 'Suomen kaupunkien karttoja' (high res. images of Finnish towns from Suomen Matkailija-Yhdistyksen Suomi kartasto vuodelta, 1902)
• Finland. ‘Suomenmaan kartta’ (high res. images of the map published by Uschakoff, Weilin & Göös (1898) with index of place-names and (click on ‘in English’) explanatory notes in English and a translation of the map’s key - Pauli Kruhse) {February, 2005}
• Finland (Gulf of). 'Ryssland' (follow links under 'Sjökort' for low res. images of a range of sea charts - VÖBAM) {January, 2006}
• Finland - Helsinki. Russian military topographical maps of Helsinki, 1902-11 (high res. images - Pauli Kruhse)
• Finland - Karelia. ‘Karjalan Kartat - Matka sinne, mitä ei enää ole’ [Maps of Karelia: a journey to a place that is no more] (low res. images of Finnish pre-1939 topographic maps - Maanmittauslaitos ja Topografikunta) {February, 2005}
• Finland - Karelia. 'Karjalan kartat' (high res. images of selected sheets from a number of 20th century topographical map series from the National Land Survey of Finland, with brief historical notes in Finnish and Swedish - 2002) {January, 2004}
• France. 'Patrimoine numérique: Catalogue des collections numérisées' (select 'Type de document' and it retrieves 'Cartes et plans' (245), 'Cadastre' (100), giving details of 1125 collections from 453 institutions (mostly archives and libraries); this is a massive resource, giving descriptive and statistical information on each collection, and thus linking to tens of thousands of images) {November, 2006}
• France (5 medium res., slow-loading, maps, 1575-1766 - Yale University Library) {October, 2001}
• France (enlargeable high res. images of the suite of departmental maps in the 1852 Atlas National illustré, along with two earlier maps covering Anjou - Hervé Maingot) {September, 2004}
• France. Atlas et description minéralogiques de la France (by Jean-Etienne Guettard (1780); scans of all 253 pages, the text just legible, the map sheets (223 onwards) not legible - University of Strasbourg) {February, 2007}
• France. 'Atlas de Trudaine' (a 62-volume MS atlas of existing or planned routes in France, running to 3000 plates, prepared for Charles Daniel Trudaine, administrateur des Ponts et Chaussées, 1745-80, covering most of the country - ARCHIM, la banque d'images numériques du Centre historique des Archives nationales). The following have been placed on the web as high res. images, each with a hyperlinked description: {May, 2003}
• Bourges (41 images)
• Caen (32 images)
• Chalons (106 images)
• Hainaut-Cambrésis (87 images)
• Lyon (39 entries, several multiple)
• Paris (11 images)
• France. 'La carte géologique de France: La naissance dela cartographie géologique remonte à la moitié du XVIIIe siècle' (four low res. maps - Les fonds anciens de la bibliothèque de l'Ecole des mines de Paris) {February, 2007}
• France. 'Cartes anciennes' (links for French image sites; with a section for Paris ('cartes anciennes') - Xavier Nègre) {May, 2005; updated May 2007}
• France. Cassini. ‘Des villages de Cassini aux communes d'aujourd'hui’ (a large, complex (and still developing) site, dealing in some detail with the Cassini map and the subsequent mapping of France, offering a single, scrollable, high res. version of the first edition of the Cassini map (select ‘Navigation’); dealing with administrative and demographic development over two centuries; including a 62,000 item index, details on each commune and a Glossaire with historical definitions of administrative terms - Bibliothèque nationale de France and others) {February, 2005}
• France. Cassini. 'L'Auvergne en cartes de Cassini' (a selection of sheets in medium res. - Andrée Parbelle) {August, 2005}
• France. Cassini.‘Carte de Cassini’, 1750-1815 (see under ‘Atlases of Europe & Africa’ for the link to high res. images of all 210 sheets, on the David Rumsey Map Collection site [for further details about this site see Large general sites]) {May, 2004}
• France. Cassini. 'Carte de France / levée par ordre du roy' (all 182 sheets, enlargeable to high res. with JPEG2000 - Library of Congress) {September, 2007}
• France. Cassini. 'Cartes anciennes de géographie: Liste des cartes de Cassini, classées par région' (an index of the Cassini map sheets arranged by region, leading to high res. scans - B. Fichet) {August, 2005}
• France. Cassini. ‘Les cartes de Cassini’ (click beside ‘Visualisation des cartes de Cassini’ for a clickable index map, enlargeable to medium res. [further enlargement was not permitted but this may be possible] - Cyber Papy) {September, 2004}
• France. Cassini. ‘Carte de France divisée en XXXI gouvernements militaires et en ses provinces’ (title and the 24 sheets of the map by C-F. Cassini de Thury, 1756, enlargeable to high res. - Bibliothèque nationale de France ‘Gallica’) {September, 2004}
• France. Cassini. ‘Téléchargement des cartes de Cassini’ (consult the English explanation for background to this site that seeks to facilitate downloading (‘Téléchargement’) of all the sheets - Sylvain Chardon) {September, 2004}
• France. Cassini Vision (apparently a freely downloadable version of the Cassini map) {August, 2005}
• France. Catalogue des fonds culterels numérisés [en France] (describing a number of digitisation projects in France involving early maps, most available only locally or via CD-ROM - selecting 'Recherche croisée', then 'Choisir un type de document' = 'carte' produced 45 hits, 'atlas' 11 and 'plan*' 404) {November, 2002}
• France. 'Coin des Cartes Anciennes' (several hundred maps and charts, mostly relating to France but including 64 'Cartes anciennes diverses', viewable in high res. via the 'Taille' link [most of the enlargement options beneath the thumbnail do not work]; including the entire Cassini map and the 1634 atlas by Sébastien Cramoisy [though neither could be retrieved when I looked] - reproduced under licence from the Bibliothèque nationale de France (Gallica) by Jacques Zan) {November, 2005}
• + France. 'Collection of French Architecture/Topographical Description Materials' (high res. images, including maps - Kyoto University Library, 2001) {November, 2002}
• France. 'Expériences de terrain et compétences cartographiques : pour une approche heuristique de la numérisation des cartes et plans (HistCARTO)' (leading to 'Les cartes de la collection Coquebert de Monbret' (featuring about 800 maps by Coquebert de Montbret, preserved in the Bibliothèque municipale de Rouen), 'La bibliothèque de Coquebert de Montbret', and 'Les cartes du programme HistCarto' - Maison Interuniversitaire des Sciences de l’Homme - Alsace (MISHA)) {November, 2007}
• France. 'France en Amérique. France in America' (in English and French; select Maps for good selections of high res. MrSID images from the Library of Congress's Rochambeau Collection (related to French involvement in the American War of Independence) [on which see also another version] and Geography & Maps Division, and nine enlargeable images from the Bibliothèque nationale de France's Cartes et Plans department and the Collection du Service hydrographique de la Marine - a search for 'map' retrieved 155 items) {May, 2005}
• France. ’Histoire de la cartographie (a large, general site, comprising mostly text, providing background to the Bibliothèque nationale de France’s cartographic collections and their online exhibitions) {February, 2007}
• + France. 'La Montagne Découverte: Exposition Médiathèque' (about six low to medium res. maps, both printed and manuscript, with commentary, focussing on the French Alps - Chambéry, Médiathèque Jean-Jacques Rousseau) {July, 2002}
• France. ‘Plans cadastraux des Côtes d'Armor’ (6,400 sheets of plans, viewable as slow-loading (presumably high res.) images via the ECW Plugin - Archives départementales des Côtes d'Armor) {April, 2005}
• France, Series M562, 1:250,000, U.S. Army Map Service, 1954- (high res. (though slow-loading) images - University of Texas Libraries) {May, 2007}
• + France. 'Trésors d’archives, cartes et plans XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles' (maps, some illustrated via details, of different parts of France and Italy, from various French departmental archives; an exhibition at the Orangerie de Madame Élisabeth, Versailles, 2005-6 - Conseil général des Yvelines) {January, 2006}
• France. 'Voyages en France' (a series of texts, linked to related catalogue entries and to be illustrated with about 1,000 maps, enlargeable to very high res. - 'Gallica', Bibliothèque Nationale de France) {July, 2002}
• France - Alpes- Maritimes. 'Plans Cadastraux' (a large selection of scans, evidently 19th century and zoomable to high res.; also referred to as 'Le cadastre napoléonien' - Archives départementales des Alpes-Maritimes) {November, 2006}
• France - Alsace - Sierentz. ‘Le Pays de Sierentz sur les cartes géographiques anciennes’ (10 high res. map details [in some cases the area shown can be enlarged]) {May, 2004}
• France - Artois. 'Plans et cartes des ville d'Artois' (56 images, including enlargeable, very high res. city plans by Beaulieu, late 17th century - Kyoto University Library) {November, 2002}
• France - Belleyme. 'Cartes de Belleyme' (a selection of sheets from an unidentified map, enlargeable to high res. - Archives départementales de Lot-et-Garonne) {August, 2005}
• France - Bouhet (nine high res. details, 1621-1945, featuring Bouhet, Charente-Maritime) {January, 2006}
• France - Brittany (roads) (Jean Ogée, Atlas itinéraire de Bretagne contenant les cartes particulières de tous les grands chemins de cette province, 1769; images of the title-page and 20 plates, enlargeable to high res.; choose TIFF or PDF format via 'Téléchargement de l'ouvrage' - from the Bibliothèque nationale de France's "Gallica") {December, 2003}
• France - Burgundy. 'Historic Map Data' (described as "GIS and remote sensing for archaeology", featuring several maps, with some commentary - Scott Madry, Informatics International, Inc., et al.) {May, 2005}
• + France - Champagne. 'Terres de Champagne-Ardenne: Cinq siècles de cartographie' (select 'Plan de l'exposition' for the different exhibition sections, each illustrated with maps zoomable to very high res., with accompanying explanatory notes by various authors - an in-depth travelling exhibition from Interbibly) {March, 2006}
• France - Dropt. ‘Cartes anciennes. La vallée du Drot’ (high res. details of 8 maps of the Drot/Dropt region, ‘rivière de Guyenne’) {September, 2004}
• France - Flanders. ‘Les Moulins: Plans et Cartes’ (nine high res. map details, 16th-19th century, showing the sites of windmills in ‘Flanders’ [S. Belgium and N. France], relating to the genealogy of the Morel family) {December, 2004}
• France - Lorraine. ‘Les cartes des Naudin’ (a manuscript map at 1:28,800 (1728-39) in 11 sections, covering the whole region of Lorraine, offered in high res. scans, which scroll automatically in the direction of your cursor [to stop, move the cursor to the middle] - Lorraine, Comité d’Histoire Régionale; Médiathèque de Metz) {February, 2007}
• France - Lyons. 'Forma Urbis : Les plans généraux de Lyon du XVIe au XXe siècle' (the separate Atlas, with medium to high res. images, accompanies the work's second edition (1999), comprising texts on various aspects of the plans of Lyons - Archives Municipales, Lyon) {May, 2003}
• France - Normandy. D-Day (June 6, 1944) - Maps (four high res. secret maps of Omaha Beach prepared for the invasion - Perry-Castañeda Library Map Collection, courtesy of Tim Roop) {November, 2002}
• France - Orléans. 'Images anciennes d'Orléans et de l'Orléanais: Cartes et Plans' (a large selection of plans and maps, 1575-1909; using Macromedia Flash: first click on 'Agrandir le document', then right click to zoom in, to medium res. [even at 'high quality'] - Bibliothèque municipale d'Orléans) {January, 2006}
• France - Paris (100 low res. details of plans, 1716-1887 - Barry Bergdoll)
• France - Paris (five historical maps (1552-1779), enlargeable to very high res.)
• France - Paris. 'Cartographie parisienne' (a selection of plans from various sources, including the BnF's Gallica, in varying resolutions - Christian Gennerat) {November, 2005}
• France - Paris. 'Etrennes ecclesiastiques : historiques et topographiques de l'archeveche de Paris et des beautes que l'on y admire' (published at Paris by Delalain and Desnos (18th century): 16 enlargeable, high res. maps of the environs of Paris - Kyoto University Library) {November, 2002}
• France - Paris. Plan by Louis Bretez, 1739 (enlargeable, very high res. images of the 'Turgot' plan, in 24 sections - Kyoto University Library) {November, 2002}
• France - Paris. 'Plan de Paris, 1739' (the 20-sheet map, enlargeable to very high res. - Harvard University Library). [Also available here] {June, 2008}
• France - Pontoise. 'Iconographie' (evidently under construction: four medium res. maps of the town, with hotspot labels - Ville de Pontoise) {March, 2006}
• France - Provence - Isles de Hyères (high res. details from 12 maps (1591-1896) including Porquerolles {March, 2005}
• France - Rennes (select 'Documents figurés', and then 'Plans urbains' (154 items) or 'Cartes' (42), and click on the eye symbol for a chosen item, to bring up an image, zoomable to high res. - Archives municipales de Rennes) {January, 2006}
• France - Savoie. 'Les plans cadastraux de Savoie en ligne (1728-1988)' (a large collection, zoomable to high res. - Archives départementales de la Savoie) {November, 2006}
• France - Strasbourg. 'Les plans relief de 1725 et 1836' (photographs, with enlargements - part of a historical GIS site from Thierry Hatt, 2002) {January, 2004}
• France - Strasbourg. 'Quelques cartes gérées par le Service de l'information géographique de la CUS' (a selection of general and quartier maps, in slow-loading pdf , enlargeable to medium res. - Communauté Urbaine de Strasbourg) {November, 2005}
• France - Strasbourg. 'Un système d'information géographique historique: Strasbourg 1548-2000' (18 plans, in various resolutions, also shown 'after rectification' - part of a historical GIS site from Thierry Hatt, 2002) {January, 2004}
• France - Thoiry (medium res. images of the separate sheets in volumes of estate plans (1708-1852) - Archives du château de Thoiry) {May, 2003}
• France - Toulouse. 'Les plans anciens de Toulouse (antérieurs à 1789)' (evidently enlargeable via Winzip [click on the icon within the caption box] - Sébastien Poignant) {March, 2006}
• France - Toulouse. ‘Les plans anciens de la ville de Toulouse’ (a selection of plans (1493-1950); enlarging ‘can take several minutes’ - Archives Municipales de Toulouse) {February, 2005}
• France - Voreppe. 'Voreppe, 1759. Minute de l'Atlas parcellaire de Dupuy' (a rare pre-revolutionary cadastre of a village near Grenoble) {November, 2007}
• France - Yvelines (a large and complex site, including an archival collection of high res., enlarged [sometimes considerably], but slow-loading, images of local, national and foreign maps and plans, e.g. 'Plans d'intendance'; and, via Série A, 'sélection de documents':- 'Hydrographie' (a few images of French canals and rivers, plus the Suez Canal) and 'Pays/lieux' - Archives départementales des Yvelines et de l'ancien département de Seine-et-Oise) {November, 2002}
• France: see Bibliothèque Nationale de France under Large general sites
• Germany (click on ‘Liste aller bisher gescannten und katalogisierten alten Karten’ for links to descriptions and medium to high res. scanned images of 1089 maps [select ‘Link’ at the end of the individual description], mostly relating to Germany - Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Sachsen-Anhalt, Halle) {July, 2004}
• + Germany. ‘AllerLandKarten: Die Sammlung Perthes Gotha’ (texts by Rupert Schaab accompanying the exhibition at the Universitäts- und Forschungsbibliothek Erfurt/Gotha, 2005, on, e.g.. ‘Der größte moderne Atlas’, ‘"Petermanns geographische Mitteilungen"’, ‘Schulkartographie’, with illustrations that can be enlarged to medium res. by clicking on ‘Abb. vergrößert anzeigen’) {April, 2005}
• Germany. 'Ansichten und Karten' (an online catalogue; in the search screen, select from the 'Darstellungsart' categories for a selection of maps accompanied by medium res. scans - Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hessisches Landesamt für geschichtliche Landeskunde) {August, 2005}
• Germany. 'An Atlas of the German Empire by Ludwig Ravenstein' (1883) (details, downloadable with Adobe's Acrobat Reader - University of Wisconsin-Madison Libraries)
• Germany. 'Atlas des Deutschen Reichs' by Ludwig Ravenstein, 1883 (35 high res. sheets [requiring Acrobat Reader 3.0], with alternative access via an online gazetteer - University of Wisconsin-Madison Libraries) {December, 2001}
• Germany. 'Bildindex der Kunst und Architektur' (an index to photographs of material, including maps, in German collections, with ordering instructions; searching for karte* produced 1,875 hits) {November, 2002}
• Germany. Colonial mapping (entering, under 'Sachgruppe', Karte,and then clicking 'Suchen' produced 596 hits for low res., apparently 19th-20th century maps - Deutsche Kolonialgesellschaft Bibliothek, 'Datenbank der Stadt- und Universitätsbibliothek Frankfurt am Main', a Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) Project) {February, 2003}
• Germany. 'Deutsche Schutzgebiete die ehemaligen Kolonien des Deutschen Reichs' (see Historische Landkarten for a number of high res. German maps for the period 1871-1918, covering the Habsburg Empire and its overseas territories - some of the text also available in English) {July, 2002}
• Germany. German Atlases (a good selection of 19th and 20th century German atlases, of various sorts, offering over 3000 images in medium or high res.; look, e.g., for Berghaus, Spruner and Stieler under 'Perthes-Gotha' - Martin Hensen) {April, 2006}
• Germany. 'Historical Eastern Germany' (various slow-loading, high res., late 19th century maps (some in sections) - Hauke Fehlberg) {December, 2001}
• Germany. 'Historical Maps' (over 150 [unsourced] pre-19th century maps, enlargeable to medium res., with descriptions in German, covering all parts of the world but with a concentration on Germany - Wilfried Bluhm) {August, 2005}
• Germany. Landkartenarchiv (a collection of 360 maps, 1860-1999, the great majority relating to Germany, including many road maps and town plans, and Stieler's 40-sheet Schul-Atlas (1860), enlargeable to high res. - Michael Ritz) {November, 2005}
• Germany. 'Map use in Berlin dailies before 1914' (low res. maps, illustrating an article tracing map use through the 20th century - Wolfgang Scharfe, 1999) {July, 2002}
• Germany. 'Old Maps of Poland and Germany' (a selection of high res. details of maps of the western part of present- day Poland, formerly Germany - polishpoland.com) {August, 2005}
• Germany. 'Posselt-Landkarten' (a genealogy site but with high res. scans including the 6-sheet A. Arrowsmith map of 1812 and the 27-sheet Vogel map (Perthes, c. 1907), as well as a selection of maps and graphic indexes for maps of all or part of Germany - Familie Posselt) {July, 2005}
• Germany. 'Weather in German newspapers' (low res. maps, illustrating an article tracing the history from 1880 - Wolfgang Scharfe, 1999) {July, 2002}
• Germany - Barth, Rostock and Stralsund (examples of medium res. town plans - Fraunhofer Institut für Graphische Datenverarbeitung)
• Germany - Bavaria. 'Historische Karten' (links by Georg Köglmeier) {April, 2002}
• Germany - Bavaria. 'Historische Karten von Bayern: Eine Auswahl aus vier Jahrhunderten' (search or browse by title for a good selection of mostly 19th century maps, enlargeable to very high res. - Historischer Atlas von Bayern (HAB)) {August, 2005}
• Germany - Bavaria. ‘Ortsblätter des 19. Jahrhunderts Bayerns Städte und Dörfer auf 2400 historischen Karten’ (2,400 images of town & village maps, enlargeable to high res. but you may need to maximise the popup image so that the horizontal scroll bar becomes visible - Bayerische Landesbibliothek Online) {September, 2004}
• Germany - Berlin. 'Berlin city map archive' (27 maps, 1738-1989; select a section and enlarge to high res. ; with a page of Berlin links - Mirko) {June, 2006}
• Germany - Berlin. 'Hypermedia Berlin' (an interactive site that allows zooming into original maps from 1850 and reconstructed development plans from 1750 up to recent times; enlargeable to high res., with hotlinks, pop-ups, etc. - UCLA Center for Digital Humanities). See also 'Hypermedia Berlin: Cultural History in the Age of New Media, or "Is There a Text in this Class?"' (Todd Presner, in: Vectors: Journal of Culture and Technology in a Dynamic Vernacular, 2 (Fall 2006), leading to a Flash 'walkthrough') {February, 2006; amended April 2008}
• + Germany - Berlin and Brandenburg. 'Katalog zur Ausstellung Berlin-Brandenburg im Kartenbild' (high res. maps and plans set into the extensive exhibition text, on which see first 'Inhalt' [contents of the 8 chapters and subsidiary sections] or click on 'Suchen' [search]; there is a large bibliography - Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin and the Freien Universität Berlin) {January, 2002}
• Germany - Betzdorf (a sequence of details featuring the town in Rheinland-Pfalz, 1555-1901) {November, 2005}
• Germany - East Frisia and Emden (also town views - low res. - M. Becker)
• Germany - East Frisia. ‘Ancient Maps of Harlingerland’ (a selection of maps and details, in varying resolutions, taken from the New York Public Library) {February, 2005}
• + Germany - East Frisia. 'Kurzer Abriß der Geschichte der Ostfrieslandkarten' (low res. images with some clear details [click on the 'Karte' numbers] - Michael Recke; see also Michael Recke's Ostfrieslandkarten-Seiten) {amended August, 2005}
• Germany - Frankfurt am Main. ‘Maps of the Old City of Frankfurt am Main before the Wars’ (general and local maps, mostly in high res., with helpful comments on the download times (exaggerated?) - Das Goldene Buch) {March, 2005}
• Germany - Hamburg. 'Hamburg in alten Karten und Ansichten' (a small selection of plans and views, enlargeable to very high res. - Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg) {August, 2005}
• Germany - Mecklenburg und (Vor)pommern im Spiegel der Kartografie (nine medium res. maps - Rostock University)
• Germany - Menden (click 'Wetter & Lage', then ' Historische Kartographie', for eight medium res. details)
• Germany - Mönchengladbach. Historische Landkarten von Mönchengladbach (high res., but slow-loading, maps of the town and surroundings - Michael Ritz)
• Germany - Pomerania. 'Historisches Landkarten Pommerns und des Lieper Winkels' (nine medium to high res. maps or details - NB it is not possible to open these in a new window) {July, 2002}
• Germany - Rostock, Stralsund and Barth (examples of medium res. town plans - Fraunhofer Institut für Graphische Datenverarbeitung)
• Germany - Rügen. 'Historische Landkarten der Insel Rügen' (three low res. maps of Rügen and a plan of Putbus) {July, 2002}
• Germany - Saxony. 'Kartenforum Sachsen' (a collaborative library project to produce high res. scans (using Zoomify) of topographical maps (from 1780), including the 600 sheets of the Neu: Topographische Karten Sachsen 1:25000 (1907-19), the Elbe-Hochwasser (1845), and a plan of Dresden) {May, 2007}
• Germany - Schleswig. 'Udvalgte historiske Slesvig-kort' (13 maps, 1783-1953 - click the image size link for the whole map and 'udsnit' for a detail, both in high res.) {March, 2004}
• Germany - Siegen-Wittgenstein (click on ‘Alte Landkarten’ for 37 medium res. map extracts) {September, 2004}
• Germany - Sylt (a selection of details (in crude digital colouring and with discontinuous scrolling) {August, 2005}
• Germany - Upper Rhine. ‘Historische Kartenbestände des Oberrheins’ (a growing collection of enlargeable high res. maps and related texts (1800-1880) - EUCOR Confederation and the Generallandesarchiv Karlsruhe, hosted by the Universitätsbibliothek Freiburg im Breisgau) {February, 2005}
• Greece. 'Samourka Map Collection' ("c. 1200 maps representing Greece, printed from 16th to 18th century"; an author index leads to low-medium res. images - National Centre for Maps and Cartographic Heritage / National Map Library){July, 2007}
• Greece. 'Veniva exhibition' ('A Virtual Tour of Historical Sources of Venice') (a number of low res. maps and charts, illustrating 'Viaggio virtuale tra le fonti storiche veneziane. Rotta: Venezia e il Levante (sec XV - sec XVIII)' - select List of panels (i.e. image index) - Veniva Consortium, 1996) {December, 2002}
• Greece - Corfu. 'Maps and drawings of Corfu in the Library of the Museo Correr' [Venice] (footnoted article by Elisabetta Molteni & Silvia Moretti, illustrated with 17 medium res. figures, in: e-Perimetron, 1:1 (Winter 2006), pp. 1-31) {June, 2006}
• Greece - Corfu. 'Sammelatlas' (click on the four thumbnails for medium res. maps and views of Corfu - Universitatsbibliothek, Graz)
• Greece - Crete. Il regno tvtto di Candia (a general map and about 60 detail map-views from this book by Marco Boschini (Venice, 1651) - Princeton University Library Digital Collections) {February, 2007}
• Greece - Crete. 'Old maps of Crete' (a small selection of medium res. images [also here], with satellite images - Wolfgang Kistler) {August, 2005}
• Greenland. 'Hans Egede, "The Apostle of Greenland"' (small illustrations and brief bibliographical notes of three maps included in his Description of Greenland - James Ford Bell Library, University of Minnesota) {November, 2006}
• Greenland - see also under Scandinavia below
• Hungary. 'Historical maps of south-eastern Europe' (a few high res. details, mostly of Hungary) {January, 2002}
• Hungary. 'A Lázár térkép települései' (the Lazarus map of Hungary, 1528, enlargeable to high res.) {July, 2005}
• Hungary. 'Magyarország Térképeken' (29 maps, 1664-1939, and the Atlas Regni Hungariae (1800 - 49 sheets) and the Az Osztrák-Magyar Monarchia (1900- 56 sheets), in paired medium and fairly high res. images, with some pre-selected details) {December, 2003}
• Hungary. ‘Osztrák-Magyar Monarchia (1910): Austria-Hungary (1910)’ (high res. maps, and samples from an administrative atlas (1910-98) - Department of Cartography, Eötvös University, Budapest) {March, 2005}
• + Hungary. 'The Tápió region on old maps' (13 low res. maps and details, 1477-1930, with accompanying text in Hungarian - travelling exhibition: 'A Tápió-vidék régi térképeken: Millenniumi térképtörténeti vándorkiállítás' - Török Zsolt) {July, 2002}
• Hungary. Térképek Salgótarjánról (recent and old maps of Salgótarján) (medium res. details from a range of maps, 1528-recent) {August, 2001}
• Hungary see also under Austria-Hungary (in the first, general, section above) and Austria
• Iceland (select 'English'; 215, low to medium res., pre-1900 maps, with a (slow) zoom facility, leading to very low res. enlargements. 'Search' allows you to select by keyword, period or country of origin - National and University Library of Iceland)
• Istria. ‘Cartography’ (comprising historical reconstructions but with a selection of originals from the 16th century onwards, of Istria and surrounding countries, in medium to high res. - Marisa Ciceran for IstriaNet.org.) {December, 2004}
• Italy. ‘Italian History Index: Gateways to Historical Maps and Maps of Italy’ (gateway site, part of the WWW-VL) {March, 2005}
• Italy. 'Archivi in Rete: Elenco degli indirizzi dell'Amministrazione Archivistica e di alcuni Archivi di Stato online' (links to about 25 Italian archives engaged in mounting material on the web - some, no doubt, including maps) {December, 2002}
• Italy. 'Atlas of Napoleonic Cartography in Italy' [1795-1815] (use the Table of Contents, which highlights (in blue) the original documents, including eight, enlargeable, high res. maps of north Italy and Elba and 18 pages of R. Schouany's sketch-book survey of the Piedmont Region, 1805-9, from the Archives de la guerre (SHAT) at Vincennes - a 'pilot project': Anne Godlewska, Queen's University) {November, 2002}
• Italy. Geological. ‘e-Geo: un mare di carte!!!’ (3,100 images of Italian geological mapping, also including a few from France, viewable via plug-in; probably several hundred of them from the 19th century - part of a project to produce a complete inventory of Italian geothematic cartography - Centro di Geotecnologie - Università di Siena) {February, 2005}
• Italy. 'Italiano: Consultazione: Mappe: Storiche' (links to sites with images of early maps of Italy - Open Directory Project) {May, 2003}
• Italy. Joan Blaeu, Theatrum civitatum et admirandorum Italiae (1663) (medium res. images from the Biblioteca Riccardiana, Florence - Istituto Internazionale di Storia Economica "F. Datini": Immagini per la storia economica e sociale) {July, 2003}
• Italy. Mappe di cittá italiane ed altre mappe antiche diverse (low res. map of Italy and plans of Italian cities from Francesco Scotto's Itinerario d'Italia, 1761 - Marco Capurro. See also further scattered Italian images among the 1,200 (?) listed further down that page, including a large selection on Genova, and a separate listing of Cartografia Ligure) [This site is also listed under Large general sites and can be found at a second address] {September, 2001}
• Italy. ‘Maps by Leonardo da Vinci’ (town plan of Imola; map of Tuscany and the Chiana Valley; bird's- eye-view of sea coast - enlargeable to medium res., with biographical note and brief commentary on each map; Emil Kren and Daniel Marx) {March, 2005}
• Italy. 'Orsini Family Papers': Selected Maps, Plans, and Documents' (132 images of maps, plans, and other documents, enlargeable to high res. via Zoomify, select from a place-name index - UCLA Charles E. Young Research Library Department of Special Collections) {February, 2008}
• Italy. 'Il Parco Internazionale delle Bocche di Bonifacio' (37 map details, from 1481 onwards, enlarged to very high res., covering the strait between Corsica and Sardinia, with the Maddalena Islands) {September, 2005}
• Italy. 'Raccolta di carte stampate da Antonio Zatta dal 1776 al 1784' (38 maps enlargeable to high res. - Accademia dei Concordi di Rovigo) {October, 2007}
• Italy. Towns. 'Atlante storico iconografico delle città toscane' (the 564 images, watermarked and enlargeable to medium or high res., comprise plans and views of Tuscan towns [the number will grow], 14th-18th centuries, with the plans' keys transcribed; perspective and fortification plans are included in the ‘Atlanti di città’ and 'Libri illustrati' sections; there are explanatory notes in Italian and English, and two bibliographies - Lucia Nuti) {March, 2006; amended April 2007}
• Italy. 'Voyages en Italie' (see Les cartes et vues topographiques, leading to enlargeable, very high res. images of 'Vues en perspective' (7), 'Plans' (17), 'Cartes' (2) - 'Gallica', Bibliothèque Nationale de France) {May, 2005}
• Italy - Ancona and Urbino (seven low res. maps, 1595-1806 - Cartoteca Storica Regionale, Ancona) {July, 2002}
• Italy - Crema. 'Cartografia storica di Crema e del Cremasco' (a selection of low to medium res. scans; the files have to be unzipped) {August, 2005}
• Italy - Florence - View with the padlock ('Chain Map'), c.1471-82 (high res.)
• Italy - Modena. 'Raccolta di cartografia storica del centro' (16 MS and printed plans, available as medium res. JPEG, PDF and TIF images - Comune di Modena) {August, 2005}
• Italy - Parma. ‘L'immagine della citta' attraverso i secoli: Repertorio iconografico’ (plans [over 150], bird’s-eye views and reconstructions, combining catalogue description and images (enlargeable to medium res.) arranged in six ’chapters’, with indexes by author and date - Giancarlo Gonizzi, Collegio dei Geometri della Provincia di Parma, 1997) {March, 2005}
• + Italy - Rome (exhibit overview, including a number of early plans of Rome - click to enlarge but low res.)
• Italy - Rome. 'Catalogo illustrato delle piante di Roma online' [CIPRO] (a catalogue of 'printed maps of Rome for the period ca. 1550 to ca 1870'; also in English, French and German; searchable in various ways including by date range, with a 16-map 'highlight' section, zoomable but only to medium res., with 'Nolli interactive' and 'Vasi interactive' options - Bibliotheca Hertziana, Max-Planck- Institut für Kunstgeschichte; European Cultural Heritage Online [ECHO]) {August, 2005}
• Italy - Rome. Giuseppe Vasi’s ‘Nuova Pianta di Roma in Prospettiva’ (a sectioned plan, in fairly high res., with links to architectural views and interpretation; with a link to the 1852 plan by P. Letarouilly - Roberto Piperno) {May, 2005}
• Italy - Rome. Imago II Project ("about 5,000 digital colour photos of maps and manuscripts, 25,000 colour scans of ancient maps and parchments, 100,000 greyscale scans of cadastre and notarial registers" - highly enlargeable, high res. MrSID images; for a brief overview in English see Virtual reading room, the 'Project overview', or look at the Introduzione [select 'Documenti'] (in Italian) or, for a guide to searching, the 'Presentazione' for the particular series - Archivio di Stato di Roma). [NB You must register to access the images - see also under Web Projects]
{September, 2002}
• Italy - Rome. 'Imago Urbis: Giuseppe Vasi’s Grand Tour of Rome' (see the Preface for explanation of the site's innovative ways of relating Nolli's map with Vasi's documentation of 18th century Rome - University of Oregon; see also the entry under 'Nolli map, 1748') {June, 2008}
• Italy - Rome. Nolli map, 1748 (a Flash-based, high resolution, interactive version of the 12-sheet map (176 x 208 cm when joined), which indexes 1,320 features and allows you to select and zoom into them; see the Preface for explanation - University of Oregon; see also the entry for 'Imago Urbis: Giuseppe Vasi’s Grand Tour of Rome') {April, 2005; updated June 2008}
• Italy - Rome. 'Plans and Views of Rome' (scroll down to that title for a link to 96 medium res. details of the 1593 Tempesta plan - Michael Greenhalgh, Australian National University [the link for ' Plans of Rome, by date' was not working and 'Plans of Piazza del Popolo', while referring to specific jpeg details does not yet have links to them, which seem instead to be here ] - a site in development) {February, 2004}
• Italy - Rome. 'Print, Drawing, Map, and Photographic Collections' (a selection of plans of Rome, from various sources, in fairly high res. - from 'Aquae Urbis Romae: the waters of the city of Rome' by Katherine Wentworth Rinne) {January, 2006}
• Italy - Sardinia (14 medium res. maps, mostly covering Sardinia - Kevin M. Curtin) {December, 2004}
• Italy - Sardinia. 'Antica cartografia della Sardegna' (10 maps and three city views, in medium res., with notes on the mapmakers and a bibliography - Alter Arte, Cagliari) {May, 2003}
• Italy - Sardinia. 'Le carte geografiche' (a selection of maps, charts and plans, enlargeable to medium res., accompanying a 'Breve storia della cartografia' - Banco di Sardegna) {August, 2005}
• Italy - Sardinia - Cagliari (five city plans, 16th-18th century - Stefano Puddu, Il Portale Sardo) {May, 2003}
• Italy - Turin. "Carte Topografiche e Disegni dell'Archivio di Corte" (enlargeable, high res. images of 4,538 of the 6,500 maps [the remainder due to be mounted later]) {May, 2001}
• Italy - Tuscany. 'Carte generali' (maps (enlargeable but of poor quality), by Leonardo da Vinci and others, with a focus on Prato; forming part of a complex interactive site I segni del Territorio (by Marco Piccardi)) {September, 2006}
• Italy - Venice.'Mappe di Venezia' (six low res. plans) {May, 2003}
• Italy - Venice. 'Veniva exhibition' ('A Virtual Tour of Historical Sources of Venice') (a number of low res. maps and charts, illustrating ' Viaggio virtuale tra le fonti storiche veneziane. Rotta: Venezia e il Levante (sec XV - sec XVIII) - select List of panels (i.e. image index) - Veniva Consortium, 1996) {December, 2002}
• Italy - see also GEOWEB, under Large general sites
• 'Latvian map stamps - Sun issue I [on German WWI infantry maps]' (in 1918, faced with a paper shortage, Latvia used the verso of German maps for their stamps; the site includes information about the maps) {July, 2007}
• Latvia. 'Latvia in three centuries of maps 1500-1800' (about 120 fairly high res. pdf images, with sections on Livonia, Poland-Lithuania, Scandinavia, Russia, etc. - Cartographic Collection of the National Library of Latvia) {June, 2006}
• Latvia. ‘Vanad maakaardid Eesti Rahvusraamatukogu kartograafiakogus’ (39 high res. maps of Estonia and Latvia ['Livonia'], the Baltic States, Scandinavia and European Russia, 16th-18th centuries, with commentary in Estonian - National Library of Estonia) {December, 2004}
• Lithuania (a small selection of maps - Jewish Family History Foundation's Grand Duchy Project) {March, 2005}
• Lithuania. 'Gargzdai (Gorzd), Lithuania. Maps on other websites' (links covering map images for Lithuania, Livonia, Poland, Prussia, etc.; see also a selection of maps with high res. details for Gargzdai - both, John S. Jaffer, JewishGen) {May, 2005}
• Lithuania. 'Historical Collections of the Vilnius University Library: Cartography' (low res. images from eleven atlases) {January, 2004}
• Livonia - see under Estonia and Latvia
• Luxembourg Antique Maps (24 low res. maps and plans - Gary Little) {December, 2001}
• Luxembourg. 'Les plans et profils des principales villes et lieux considerables du duche de Luxembourg' (21 images, including enlargeable, very high res. city plans by Beaulieu, late 17th century - Kyoto University Library) {November, 2002}
• ’Macedonia on Maps’ (the ‘Historical Maps’ section includes a number of original maps and details from Ptolemy onwards, in medium to high res.) {December, 2004}
• Macedonia on old maps (enlargeable images but low to medium res.)
• Malta. Antonio F. Lucini, Disegni della guerra assedio et assalti dati dall'armata Turchesca all'Isola di Malta l'anno 1565 (Bologna 1631) (medium res. images, including the maps and views - Istituto Internazionale di Storia Economica "F. Datini": Immagini per la storia economica e sociale) {July, 2003}
• + Malta. 'Mapping the Millennium: A Thousand Years of Maps from the Hill Monastic Manuscript Library' (low res.)
• Mediterranean (4 medium res., slow-loading, maps, 1550-1766 - Yale University Library) {October, 2001}
• Mediterranean see also under Portolan charts and World
• Moravia. 'Müllerova mapa Moravy' (1716) and 'Müllerova mapa Cech' (1720) (commentary on CD-ROM publications with selected medium res. images - Eva Semotanová) {August, 2003}
• Moravia. ‘Presentation of old maps covering the area of Czechia, Moravia and Silesia’ (images from the 1st (1764-83) and 2nd (1819-58) Military Surveys and Johann Christoph Müller’s Survey (1716 & 1720), enlargeable to high res. - Jan Dušek, Geoinformatics Laboratory, University of J.E.Purkyne) {March, 2005}
• Moravia. 'Staré a historické mapy Cech, Moravy a Slezska' (sub-titled: 'Projekt Staré Mapy: Rozcestník pro historickou kartografii a geoinformatiku' - a complex site, in (presumably) Czech; selecting this link leads to volumes XX- XXIII of 'Mapová sbírka B.P.Molla, Atlas Austriacus', covering Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia, with a large number of 17th-19th century maps and plans, enlargeable to high res.; in each case, click on 'záznam MASTER' for the index and 'Náhledy' for thumbnails) {April, 2008}
• Netherlands. 'cartografie- nederland.pagina.nl' (a page with very good links to Dutch image sites; see also the more general, supplementary Cartografie page - Ko Allewijn) {December, 2003; amended November 2005}
• Netherlands (6 low res. plans - Amsterdam University Library) {March, 2001}
• Netherlands. '100 Thematic maps' (first click 'Collections', then click on the relevant thumbnail to bring up a browsing list; high res. images viewable with/without MrSID plugin; mostly from Utrecht University Library. On this, see Marco van Egmond and Ferjan Ormeling, '"Gronden der voorwereld, uit de tijden der mammouthen": Nederlandse thematische kaarten op internet', Caert-Thresoor 2007-2, pp.29-38) {March, 2006}
• Netherlands. 'De Atlas van Blaeu' ([site under construction]: enlargeable high res. images from the Atlas Maior - Bibliotheek Arnhem) {February, 2004}
• Netherlands. 'Atlas voor de Nederlandse taal en literatuur' (five maps, 1578-1999, can be enlarged to high res. by clicking on a detail or selecting from the geographical list) {December, 2003}
• Netherlands. 'Beeldbank' (a picture library selection of varied maps, from different collections, mostly in MS; a search [Zoek] for 'kaart' produced 418 hits [however the largest resolution option 'Afbeelding vergroten' did not work, so no more than medium res. was delivered]) - {November, 2005}
• Netherlands. Beudeker Atlas (The volume of 134 maps entitled 'Conquesten der Vereende Nederlanden', from the British Library, with the possibility to zoom in at up to 16 times the size of the original image)
• Netherlands. 'Cadastral Maps - 1832' (11 high res. details of Ferwerderadeel, identifying owners and estate type - Fryske Academy, Leeuwarden) {December, 2003}
• Netherlands. 'Cornelis Claesz (ca. 1551-1609), grondlegger van de Amsterdamse commerciële' (high res. scans, illustrating a text by Jan Werner - Amsterdam University Library, Kaartencollectie) {November, 2005}
• Netherlands. Dutch City maps from Blaeu's Toonneel der Steden, 1652 (35 plans, in gif and jpeg formats, medium to fairly high res., covering Holland and Utrecht, with commentaries - George Welling). [See also an updated version here.]
• Netherlands. Dutch City Maps (1860's) - Kuyper Atlas (hundreds of enlargeable, fairly high. res., pdf images [requiring Adobe Acrobat Reader] of most Dutch towns, arranged according to the 11 provinces, with an alphabetical index to each; the quality is not as good as the gif versions of the same maps, listed below, under 'Gemeente Atlas van Nederland' - DutchGenealogy.com) {May, 2002}
• Netherlands. ‘Gedigitaliseerde kaarten’ (click on the map, or select ‘Bladeren’ for a browsing list of a selection of maps of The Netherlands, other parts of Europe and elsewhere, viewable with/without MrSID plug-in, enlargeable to high res., as featured in the 1983 exhibition, "Toonneel des Aerdrijcx" - Universiteitsbibliotheek Utrecht) {March, 2005}
• Netherlands. 'Gemeente Atlas van Nederland. J. Kuyper 1865-1870' (the various provincial atlases are listed separately below - Rob Kuijsten, comprising high res. maps, reachable via a place-name index - see Oddens' Bookmarks for links to the separate sheets; the atlas is also available at the alternative address): {May, 2002 - updated August 2005}
• Drenthe (37 maps)
• Friesland [from a different series - Franeker: B. Behrns, 1861] (36 maps)
• Gelderland, 1865-70 (over 150 maps)
• Groningen (58 maps)
• Limburg (125 maps)
• Noord-Brabant, 1868 (167 maps, reached also via a clickable index map ['interactieve kaart'])
• Noord-Holland, 1865-70 (137 maps - Don Arnoldus/Rob Kuijsten) [also Noord-Holland, 1868' (a selection, from the 137 sheets, at various scales, reached via a place-name index - Don Arnoldus)]
• Overijssel, 1865-70 (65 maps)
• Utrecht, 1868' (72 maps, reached also via a clickable index map ['interactieve kaart'])
• Zealand, 1868' (114 maps)
• Zuid-Holland (230 maps)
• Netherlands. 'De grote 'Colomkaart' van Holland (1639)' (click on the coloured 'Holland' link, then 'alleen beschrijving' then 'toon beeld' (at the bottom) [though there may be a more direct route] to bring up high res. images of the 40-section wall-map by Jacob A. Colom (1639) - Amsterdam University Library, Kaartencollectie) {November, 2005}
• Netherlands. Janssonius map of the Netherlands, 1658 (12 low res. details - George Welling). [See also an updated version here .]
• Netherlands. Het kaartboek geopend: Verslag van het voorlopige onderzoek naar kaartboeken (low to medium res. images illustrating the hyperlinked essay - Elger Heere & Martijn Storms, Universiteit Utrecht, Explokart, 2003) {November, 2003}
• Netherlands. 'Kaartencollectie' (702 images relating to 428 atlas maps and single and multi-sheet separate maps, enlargeable to very high res., covering The Netherlands and the rest of the world; you can browse (‘Blader door de collectie’) and search (‘Zoek in de collectie'); and select from the menu at the left, offering groups of images with introductory text (in Dutch), including pages devoted to wall-maps, the work of C. Claesz, water-feature mapping, the Atlas Van Schagen and the Goos 'Paskaart van Oost-Indië (c.1658)'; or browse through groups of 10 pre-selected maps) - Universiteitsbibliotheek, Amsterdam) {March, 2005}
• Netherlands. 'Kaarten van het Grensschap' (a small selection of high res. maps and siege plans of Grensschap and Limburg, both originals and reconstructions) {February, 2004}
• Netherlands. 'Kaarten van de Topografische Dienst' (click on 'Uitgebreid zoeken' and select the relevant heading from the 'Collectie/archief' drop-down menu, which brings up 56 sheets of the official Dutch topographical survey, 1833-45, enlargeable to very high res. by clicking on 'Inzoomen' - Nationaal Archief) {June, 2008}
• Netherlands. Leo Belgicus. ‘Leeuwenkaarten in de Atlas Van Gijn’ (low res. images of the C.J. Visscher maps of 1609 and 1648, with a brief note by Liesbeth van Noortwijk - Simon van Gijn Museum) {May, 2004}
• Netherlands. Maps from De Vyerighe Colom (the 47 maps, in gif and jpeg formats, medium to fairly high res.- George Welling). [See also an updated version here.]
• Netherlands. Maps in the Gemeentearchief, The Hague (a selection of medium res. images [which become illegible when enlarged], found via the Thematis Erfgoed Portaal; click on ‘Klik hier om uw zoekvraag op te geven’, select ‘Archieven’ & ‘Beeldbanken’, enter ‘landkaart’ (under ‘Trefwoord’), and click ‘OK’; finally select from ‘Haags Gemeentearchief’ the link to ‘Kaarten en plattegronden’ (203 items)) {March, 2005}
• Netherlands. 'Maritime Digital' ('Collection Search System [Dutch] Maritime Museums' - a combined search on various Dutch maritime museums, via Author, Title, Date, Keyword, etc.; searching is difficult as there is no code for map but selecting 'Expert' under Search and entering 'kaart' under Title found 6,099 items but the majority seem irrelevant; the results are low res. and illegible when enlarged) {April, 2008}
• Netherlands. National Archives (searching for 'kaart' produced 1,786 thumbnails, enlargeable to very high res. by clicking on 'Inzoomen', or use the 'Uitgebreid zoeken' option and select, from the 'Collectie/archief' drop-down menu, one of those starting 'Kaarten' - Nationaal Archief) {April, 2008; amended June 2008}
• Netherlands. 'The Netherlands 1858-1870' (combining Kuypers Gemeente-Atlas van Nederland (1865-70) with roads and air photos from Google Maps; pop-up illustrations are supplied from Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden, voorgesteld in een reeks naar de natuur getekende schilderachtige gezigten en beschreven door J.L. Terwen (1858) - L.A. Kievit) {April, 2008}
• Netherlands. 'The Netherlands in the Early [19]30s' (11 small-scale province maps - Willem van Schaik) {November, 2005}
• Netherlands. 'Oude Kaarten' (a selection of low res. maps, charts and town plans; NB pop-ups must be enabled - Rudolf Botermans) {November, 2005}
• Netherlands. 'Oude kaarten Nederland' (select '1e Leerjaar' - 'Thema8 Nederland' - 'Oude kaarten' - for 26 medium res. scans of 17th century maps of the Dutch provinces) {November, 2005}
• Netherlands. 'Oude kaarten. Plattegronden van Nederlandse steden' (35 high res. scans of 17th century Dutch town plans) {November, 2005}
• Netherlands. 'Oude landkaarten' (seven assorted maps in medium res.) {November, 2005}
• Netherlands. 'Oude stafkaarten verzamelen' (a selection of old ordnance maps, 1910-45, enlargeable to high res. ) {December, 2003}
• Netherlands. P. Du Val, Les XVII Provinces où sont les Conquestes du Roy en Holande et en Flandres (medium res. 49-page pdf file, indexed as ‘Cartes et tables de géographie des Provinces Unies des Païs-Bas connües sous le nom de Holande - Paris, 1672’ - Universités de Toulouse) {May, 2004}
• Netherlands. 'Stadsplattegronden van Jacob van Deventer 1557-1573' (the plans of eight Dutch towns by van Deventer - Amersfoort, IJsselstein, Montfoort, Oudewater, Rhenen, Utrecht, Wijk bij Duurstede and Woerden can be overlaid on Google Maps (select 'doorzichtig weergeven'); with air photos and commentary - Het Utrechts Archief) {April, 2008}
• Netherlands. ‘Thematis Erfgoed Portaal’ (a searchable portal to Dutch archives; click on ‘Klik hier om uw zoekvraag op te geven’, select ‘Archieven’ & ‘Beeldbanken’ and then enter ‘landkaart’ (under ‘Trefwoord’), and click ‘OK’, to find map images (most of which will be modern, but there is a ‘Chronologisch’ option) {March, 2005}
• Netherlands. 'De Vereenigde Nederlanden of Zeven Vrye Provinciën' (the 73 sheets of the Nieuwe Geographische Reise- en Zak-Atlas of the northern Netherlands, enlargeable to high res. (Amsterdam: Jan Christiaan Sepp, 1773)) {March, 2004}
• Netherlands. 'Vestingstad Grave' (select "(Oude) Plattegronden" for six high res. maps, published in 1865-7 by Hugo Suringar te Leeuwarden, of Balgoy, Escharen, Gassel, Grave, Overasselt and Velp; see under 'Oude etsen & gravures' for a selection of city plans and views - Peter van Bommel) {March, 2004}
• Netherlands. 'Virtuele Atlas van Voorne, Putten en Rozenburg' (high res. maps, with GIS functionality, in Dutch) {November, 2005}
• Netherlands. 'Waterstaat' (high res. scans, illustrating a brief essay on maps of Dutch water features - Amsterdam University Library, Kaartencollectie) {November, 2005}
• Netherlands. 'Wat Was Waar' (a complex site, all in Dutch, offering 18,467 enlargeable high res. images of the complete 1832 cadastral map, with, in addition, the combination maps ('verzamelplan'), which showed the sections, and the minute maps ('minuutplan'), which showed all the plots; accompanied by the Oorspronkelijke Aanwijzende Tafels, which listed the owner of each plot. The site also includes the complete series of 397 manuscript maps for the Topographical map of the Netherlands (1:50,000, c.1850). The site is the successor to De WoonOmgeving.nl. Among the 15 pilot projects is a collection of WWII air photos and Atlases containing pre-cadastral maps). [See the article on this, in Dutch, by Elger Heere and Martijn Storms in Caert-Thresoor, 2005-3, pp.93-8]. {October, 2003; amended June 2008}
• Netherlands - Amsterdam. 'Het Aanzien van Amsterdam' (a selection of medium res. plans and panoramas of the city, from an exhibition at the Stadsarchief Amsterdam, 2007) {October, 2007}
• Netherlands - Amsterdam. ‘Atlas Amsterdam’ (18 maps (1544-2000), with GIS and desktop functionality, allowing zooming in (at great detail) to the equivalent area, and overlaying each map transparently with the cadastral map of 1832 or a modern topographical map - Jan Hartmann, University of Amsterdam) {May, 2004}
• Netherlands - Amsterdam (11 low res. plans - Amsterdam University Library) {March, 2001}
• Netherlands - Delfland. 'Oude kaarten van het Westland' (a selection of maps enlargeable to medium res.) {November, 2005}
• Netherlands - Deventer. 'Deventer in Beeld: De Geschiedenis van Deventer in Foto's, Kaarten en Prenten' (entering kaart into the 'zoeken' box produced 98 hits (apparently mostly 19th and 20th centuries - each presented as a thumbnail (enlargeable to low res.) with a brief description - Stadsarchief en Athenaeumbibliotheek Deventer) {May, 2003}
• Netherlands - Dirksland, bijna 800 jaar geschiedenis (high res. original and historical maps of that region of S. Holland, Middle Ages to present - Jacco Witvliet) {April, 2002}
• Netherlands - Friesland. 'Atlas van de Provincie Friesland 1861' (32 high res. regional maps, reachable via a place-name index - R. Varkevisser) {April, 2002}
• Netherlands - Friesland. 'Historisch GIS Fryslân' (a multi-layered GIS application based on the 1832 provincial cadaster) {January, 2006}
• Netherlands - Friesland. 'Steden en Landkaarten...in Friesland' (15 high res. town scans, from Blaeu, a map of 1860, etc.; follow the 'Volgende' link for three maps of the Netherlands - Marten Haijema) {November, 2005}
• Netherlands - Friesland. 'Tresoar' (select 'Winkel' - 'Kaarten en prenten' for a selection of low res. MS. maps - all (?) the originals from the Ryksargyf, Leeuwarden) {December, 2003}
• Netherlands - Gelderland (focussing on Nijmegen, over 40 greatly enlarged high res. plans of the city and maps of its surroundings - Stichting Noviomagus.nl) {December, 2003}
• Netherlands - Gelderland. 'Gelderland in Beeld' (select Kaarten for 35 enlargeable high res. maps, mostly 19th century - Bibliotheek Arnhem) {February, 2004}
• Netherlands - Gelderland - Zeddam. ‘Landkaarten’ (a small selection of medium res. map details) {May, 2004}
• Netherlands - Gooiland. 'Gooiland- & Kadasterkaarten' (a gateway site, with many links to both images and text) {November, 2005}
• Netherlands - 's- Hertogenbosch. 'Atlantis Topografisch Historische Atlas' (click on the arrow beside 'Collectie', select "Kartografische documente", then click 'Zoeken'; this retrieves 63 thumbnail map images, evidently relating to 's-Hertogenbosch - unfortunately these did not enlarge) {November, 2005}
• Netherlands - Limburg (searching ('zoek') for kaart leads to a section entitled 'Historische atlas', with links to pages on 12 towns, leading in turn to high res. details of various MS maps - Limburgs Museum) {February, 2004}
• Netherlands - Limburg. 'Historische Atlas - Maastricht' (11 low res. maps and plans) {November, 2005}
• Netherlands - Nijmegen. ‘Oud Nijmegen’ (8 high res. details, 1868-1931) {September, 2004}
• Netherlands - North Holland. 'Noord-Hollandse Beeldbank' (in Dutch: 'image database with old photos, post cards, drawings, views, maps, etc., 1500-' - click on "Klik hier om beelden te zoeken..."; then, selecting 'Cartografie' and 'zoek' produced 604 largish (but not enlargeable) thumbnail images) {August, 2001}
• Netherlands - 'Overijssel in Kaart: De geschiedenis van Overijssel in oude en nieuwe kaarten' (select by place ['plaatsnaam'], publisher ['uitgever'], cartographer ['kaartmaker'] or publication date ['jaar van uitgave'], or click 'Zoeken' twice to browse 431 enlargeable ['vergroten'] high res. images - Stadsarchief en Athenaeumbibliotheek, Deventer) {December, 2001}
• Netherlands - Rijnland, Delfland & Schieland (high res. enlargeable images of the multi-sheet maps by Floris Balthasarsz. van Berckenrode, 1609-1616 - Universiteitsbibliotheek Leiden, Collectie Bodel Nijenhuis) {March, 2001}
• Netherlands - Rotterdam. 'Topografisch Historische Atlas' (selecting 'kartografische documenten' only, and then clicking 'zoeken', retrieved the maximum 500 documents, with thumbnails that become blurred when enlarged - Gemeentearchief Rotterdam) {November, 2005}
• Netherlands - Schieland. Rijnland, Delfland & Schieland (high res. enlargeable images of the multi-sheet maps by Floris Balthasarsz. van Berckenrode, 1609-1616 - Universiteitsbibliotheek Leiden, Collectie Bodel Nijenhuis) {March, 2001}
• Netherlands - South Holland. 'Dirksland, bijna 800 jaar geschiedenis' (select from 'Kaarten' for original and historical maps, enlargeable to high res.) {November, 2005}
• Netherlands - South Holland. 'Geschiedenis van Zuid- Holland - het historische verhaal en de archiefcollecties' (a collaborative site involving several archives, in Dutch; the images are enlargeable to medium res.) {November, 2007}
• Netherlands - South Holland. 'Historische kaarten van de Krimpenerwaard' (12 high res. reproductions of the maps by J Kuijper (1866-9)) {December, 2003}
• Netherlands - South Holland. 'Kaart van de Provincie Zuid Holland', 1846 (133 sheets, enlargeable to very high res. by clicking on 'Inzoomen' - Nationaal Archief) {April, 2008}
• Netherlands - West-Friesland op Oude Kaarten (19 medium res. maps, 16th century to 1900, taken, with acknowledgement, from various sites - Frans J.P.M. Kwaad) {October, 2003}
• Netherlands - Zeeuws-Vlaanderen (five fast-loading, high res. maps - Ad de Hoon)
• + Netherlands - Zijpe. 'De Zijpe in kaart gebracht; Cartografie van de Zijpe en omgeving vanaf 1550' (MS and printed maps, some with links to their own page, with high res. general and detailed scans and descriptive text - a 2006 exhibition at the Zijper Museum) {March, 2008}
• Netherlands - Zutphen. (130 images, enlargeable to high res. - Regionaal Archief Zutphen) {November, 2007}
• Netherlands - Zutphen. 'Kijk op Zutphen: Plattegronden' (a selection of low res. plans) {December, 2003; revised February 2008}
• North Sea. 'Spionkartor av brittiske amiralen Sir John Norris' (some medium res. illustrations of the charts in 'A Compleat Sett of New Charts containing The North Sea, Cattegat and Baltick' - VÖBAM) {January, 2006}
• Norway (22 enlargeable high res. manuscript maps relating to Karl XII's attempt to conquer Norway in 1716 and 1718 [click on 'Vis alle kartene' to access the thumbnails]; accompanying text in Norwegian, though an English version is planned - Kartsamlingen, National Library of Norway) {August, 2002}
• Norway. Elektroniske kart (12 high res. MrSID maps, mostly of Scandinavia and Bergen - University Library, Bergen) {February, 2003}
• Norway. 'National Library of Norway's new database of 22 manuscript maps concerning the Swedish King Charles XII's campaign in Norway in 1716 and 1718' (with links to enlargeable high res. maps in the database: Benedicte Gamborg Briså in LIBER Quarterly 13 (2002)) {February, 2004}
• Norway - Baerum. 'Historiske kart' (24 low res. maps, 18th & 19th centuries) {March, 2004}
• Poland. 'Czasy Nowozytne' (a selection of map images, in varying resolutions - University of Mikolaj Kopernik (Torun) {November, 2005}
• Poland. 'Dantiscum Emporium Totius Europæ Celeberrimum' (a selection of maps [including MSS and rare printed material], in low to medium res., mostly relating to Europe, with an emphasis on Poland - an exhibition from the Tomasz Niewodniczanski collection, in Gdansk, 2004-2005) {May, 2005}
• Poland. ‘Geography & Maps’ (links to other sites and some original maps, of Galicia and Poland, in medium res. - PolishRoots) {March, 2005}
• Poland. 'Kartographie: Sammlung von alten Karten' (select 'English', then 'Old Maps', for the Galerie alter Karten with 26 high res., enlargeable images - Polish Museum in Rapperswil, Switzerland)
• Poland. 'Map Archive of Wojskowy Instytut Geograficzny 1919-1939' (scans of maps [at scales ranging from 1:25,000 and 1:3000,000] and geographical materials produced by the Institute - bilingual English and Polish) {November, 2006}
• Poland. 'Mapy historyczne' (a few medium res. maps of Danzig and East Prussia) {November, 2005}
• Poland. 'Mapy Historyczne' (an unpredictable selection of links to maps, and lists of maps, of Poland, the surrounding regions, and the rest of the world) {November, 2005}
• Poland. 'Old Maps of Poland and Germany' (a selection of high res. details of maps of the western part of present- day Poland, formerly Germany - polishpoland.com) {August, 2005}
• Poland - Danzig. Kartensammlung (a small selection of high res. maps and plans of Gdansk) {August, 2005}
• Poland - Koszalin (six high res. details from maps of Pomerania) {November, 2005}
• Poland - Krakow. 'Stare mapy krakowa' (a good selection of town plans, 1785-1976, enlargeable to medium or high res. - Adam Smialek) {May, 2007}