Table 1 Miniature atlases

Sort date Date Author Location (current) Institution or individual Call number Pujades
Atlas
Chart		 MEDEA medea.fc.ul. pt/view/atlas/ Size
(mm/cm)		 Size
(inches –
approx.)		 Number
of sheets
Helsingør M/S Museet for Søfart 48:0182 --- atlas/712 109 x 154 mm 4 ¼ x 6 in 5
56 pre-1421 Luxoro Atlas [F. Cesanis] Genoa Bib. Berio A 14 atlas/168 112 x 157 mm 4 ¼ x 6 in 4
117 1462 Fiorino, Nicolò Vienna Öst. Nat. Bib. K.II.100.725 A 32 atlas/41 14 x 55 cm 5 ½ x 21½ in 2 panels
125 & 1460-70 (Venetian) (New York) (H.P. Kraus) --- --- 143 mm square 5 ¾ in square 6 on 1 sheet
9 1318 Vesconte, Pietro Vienna Öst. Nat. Bib. MS 594 A 3 atlas/140 19 x 20 cm 7 ½ x 8 in 10
75 1443 Ziroldi, Giacomo Milan Bib. Ambrosiana SP 2, 38 [SP II.3] A 19 atlas/33 (-) 19 x 31 cm 7 ½ x 12 ¼ in 6
54 1400-25 (Venetian) Venice Museo Storico Navale Ms 1749 A 15 chart/470 (-) 21 x 23 cm 8 ¼ x 9 in single atlas sheet
97 1425-50 (Venetian) Lyon Bib. de la ville MS 179 A 28 atlas/28 23 x 31 cm 9 x 12 ¼ in 4
105 % 1425-50 (Italian) (Ohio) (Bruce Ferrini) --- atlas/169 24 cm square 9 ½ in square 6
29 1359-1400 (Genoa) Paris BnF Manuscrits MS. Lat. 4850 A 9 atlas/141 24 x 30 cm 9 ½ x 11 ¾ in 7
31 1373-83 Pizzigano, F. Milan Bib. Ambrosiana SP10, 29 [SP II.2] A 10 atlas/142 24 x 40 cm 9 ½ x 15 ¾ in 5

Sort date’. The numbers in the first column are from ‘A complete chronological listing of portolan charts assigned to the period pre-1501’: https://www.maphistory.info/PortolanChartsChronologicalListing.xls

(-) Indicates that there are no Medea reproductions but – when shown in green – the images are available in the 2007 Pujades DVD

& See https://maphistory.info/portolanextra.html#E19 % See https://maphistory.info/portolanextra.html#E16

Back to contents

Table 2 The mathematical structure of the corner triangles

Sort
date		 Author Dated Location (current) Institution
or individual		 Call number Pujades MEDEA
medea.fc.ul.pt/view/atlas/ 		Two equal
sides
(isosceles)		 Three
different
sides
Helsingør Museet for Søfart 1948:0182 --- atlas/712 ✓
90 (Venetian) 1425-50 Venice Bib. Naz. Marciana It.IV,493.(5077) [mixed] A 26 (middle sheet only) atlas/31 (sheet 2 & 3 only) ✓
101 (Venetian) 1425-50 Vatican Biblioteca Vat.Lat. 9015 A 31 atlas/24 ✓
119 Benincasa 1463 London British Library Add MS 18454 A 33 atlas/43 ✓
139 (Venetian) 1460s Parma Arch. di. Stato Bib. Pal II.29.1621 A 42 atlas/42 ✓
164 (Italian) 1465+ Milan Bib. Trivulziana. 2295 --- atlas/145 ✓
162 (Italian) 1468+ Paris BnF Paris Italien 1710 --- atlas/185 ✓
161 (Italian) 1468+ Paris Bnf Paris Italien 1698 --- atlas/186 ✓

Back to contents

Table 3 The Lacus Fortunatus inscription

Sort date Date Author Location (current) Institution or
individual		 Call number Pujades
Atlas
Chart		 MEDEA medea.fc.ul. pt/view/chart/ (or /atlas) Inscription 358, 367 or 368
Helsingør Atlas M/S Maritime Museum of Denmark / (M/S Museet for Søfart) 1948:0182 --- atlas/712 & Lacus furtunatus ubisunt insulle que cuntur insulle sto beato ccclxviii 368
11 c.1321 Vesconte, Pietro Lyon Bib. de la ville MS 175 A 5 atlas/122 & Isolle ccclviii ste beate [X = 10 omitted?] 358
71 1435 Beccari, Batista Parma Arch. di Stato Bib.Pal. II,21,1613 C 39 chart/72 Lacus fortunatus ubi sunt insulle [que] dicu[n]ta que sulle s[an]te beate ccclxviii 368
93 (1425-50) (Italian) Barcelona Arch. Corona de Aragón MP1 [Caja II] C 50 chart/371 (izor-) ccclxviii 368
100 (1425-50) (Venetian) Parma Arch. di Stato Bib.Pal. II,32,1624 A 30 atlas/32 & y. fortunaate Insulle ccclxviij beate 368
101 (1425-50) (Venetian) Vatican Biblioteca Vat.Lat. 9015 A 31 atlas/24 y. fortunate insule sante ccclxviii beate 368
115 1461 Benincasa, Grazioso Florence Arch. di Stato C.N. 5 C 62 chart/148 Lacus fortunatus ubi sunt insule que dicuntur insule sancte beate ccclxvii 367
117 1462 Fiorino, Nicolò Vienna Öst. Nat. Bib. K.II.100.725 A 32 atlas/41 yc/ye (fortunate) ccclxviii 368
107 Fiorino, Nicolò ['Cornaro Atlas'] London British Library Egerton MS 73, ff.11-14 Cor 6 chart/195 ya fortunari insule ccclxviii beate 368
164 1465+ (Italian) Milan Bib. Trivulziana. 2295 --- atlas/145 Lacus fortunatus [ubi] sunt ins… que dicuntur beate ccclxvii[i?] 368 ?
165 1468+ (Italian) Istanbul Topkapi Sarayi Deissmann 47 --- atlas/155 ye fortunate Insulle ccclxviii beate 368
162 1468+ (Italian) Paris BnF Ital. 1698 --- atlas/186 Lacus furtunatus ubi sunt Isole quen dicuntur Isole sante beate ccclxvii 367

& indicates that the text is reproduced in PowerPoint, Slide 14

Back to contents

Table 4 Significant and unusual thematic features on the Helsingør Atlas found on other portolan charts and atlases

Sort date Author Dated Location (current) Institution or individual Call number Pujades
Atlas
Chart		 MEDEA medea.fc.ul. pt/view/chart/ (or /atlas) Triang-
ular
scale		 Blue rivers Lacus
Fortun-
atus		 Dun-
dalk		 Isle
of
Man		 Venice
image		 North
Adriatic
lines		 Black Sea
moved
west		 Total
instances
Power Point 12 13 14 16 17 21 22 23
56 Cesanis.
‘Luxoro Atlas’		 pre-1421 Genoa Bib. Berio A 14 atlas/168 --- --- --- (close) ✓ 1 + (1)
57 Cesanis, Francesco 1421 Venice Civico Museo (Correr) Port. 13 C 32 chart/471 --- (✓) ✓ 1 + (1)
65 Ziroldi 1426 Venice Bib. Naz. Marciana It.VI, 212 (5694) A 16(a) atlas/167 ✓ ✓ 2
70 ‘Pinelli-Walckenaer Atlas’ c.1434 London British Library Add MS 19510 A 12 (b) atlas/143 (close) (1)
71 Beccari, Batista 1435 Parma Arch. di Stato Bib.Pal. II,21,1613 C 39 chart/72 --- ✓ 368 (✓) + Genoa 2 + (1)
82 Roselli 1447 Volterra Mus e Bib Guarnacciana MS C.N. 1BG C 44 chart/376 --- ✓ (✓) + Genoa 1 + (1)
85 Nicolai, Nicolò 1448 Vienna Öst. Nat. Bib. Cod.410* A 23 atlas/37 ✓ 1
86 Vallseca 1449 Florence Arch. di Stato C.N.22 C 47 chart/61 --- ✓ (✓) + Genoa 1 + (1)
90 (Venetian) 1425-50 Venice Bib. Naz. Marciana It.IV, 493 (5077) [mixed] A 26 atlas/31 2= (1 sh) 1
93 (Italian) 1425-50 Barcelona Arch. Corona de Aragon MP1 [Caja II] C 50 chart/371 --- 368 ✓ Venice
only		 3
94 Soler, Rafel [+] 1425-50 Paris BnF Cartes et Plans B 8268 C 51 chart/366 --- ✓ 1
95 Soler, Rafel 1425-50 Berlin Humboldt Univ. H 14-12 C 52 chart/370 --- Venice
only		 1
97 (Venetian) 1425-50 Lyons Bib. de la ville MS 179 A 28 atlas/28 ✓ 1
100 (Venetian) 1425-50 Parma Arch. di Stato Bib.Pal. II,32,1624 A 30 atlas/32 368 (close) 1 + (1)
101 (Venetian) 1425-50 Vatican Biblioteca Vat.Lat. 9015 A 31 atlas/24 (3 diff) 368 ✓ 2 + (1)
110 Pareto, Bartolomeo 1455 Rome Bib. Naz. Cent.Vit.Em.II Carte Naut. 1 C 57 chart/185 --- ✓ (✓)+ Genoa 1 + (1)
111 Bertran & Ripoll 1456 Greenwich National Maritime Mus G230:1/7 MS C 58 chart/386 --- ✓ Both ++ 1 + (1)
114 Ibrāhīm al-Mursī
(Arabic)		 -1461 Istanbul Deniz Müzesi 882 C 61 chart/827 --- (✓) Both ++ (2)
115 Benincasa 1461 Florence Arch. di Stato C.N. 5 C 62 chart/148 --- ✓ (367) 1 + (1)
117 Fiorino, Nicolò 1462 Vienna Öst. Nat. Bib. K.II.100.725 A 32 atlas/41 368 1
119 Benincasa 1463 London British Library Add MS 18454 A 33 atlas/43 2= ✓ (367) ✓ 3 + (1)
139 (Venetian) 1460s? Parma Arch. di Stato Bib.Pal. II,29,1621 A 42 atlas/42 ✓ ✓ 2
127 Roselli 1466 Minneapolis James Ford Bell Library C 67 chart/181 --- ✓ ✓ Both ++ 2 + (1)
164 (Italian) 1465+ Milan Bib. Trivulziana. 2295 --- atlas/145 (3 diff) ✓ 368 ✓ 3 + (1)
162 (Italian) 1468+ Paris BnF Italien 1710 --- atlas/185 2= ✓ ✓ 3
161 (Italian) 1468+ Paris Bnf Italien 1698 --- atlas/186 (3 diff) ✓ (367) ✓ 2 + (2)
Total of the other instances (including those in brackets) 6 14 9 6 zero 9 3 9 ………..
Helsingør Atlas M/S Museet for Søfart 1948:0182 --- atlas/712 2= ✓ 368 ✓ ✓ ✓
(space left)		 ✓ ✓ 8

Catalan (i.e., Palma, Majorca) entries are in green

The brackets in the final eight columns indicate similarity rather than a close match.

Back to contents

Table 5 Distinctive letter forms seen on the minority of charts and atlases which used a capital 'short' (modern) 'S' in their toponyms

d e G i r S x z
none noted else
where		 at what angle Initial
Mid
End
46 Beccari, Francesco 1403 New Haven Yale Univ. Lib. Beinecke 1980.158 C 25 chart/81 ✓ ✓ no lean I E ✓ (✓)
56 Luxoro Atlas
(Cesanis)		 pre-1421 Genoa Bib. Berio A 14 atlas/168 ✓ ✓ small ‘s’ ✓
73 Vallseca 1439 Barcelona Bib. de Cat. (Mus.Mar.) (inv. 3236) C 40 chart/90 ✓ ✓& other form slight lean I E (✓)
93 (Italian) 1425-50 Barcelona Arch. Corona de Aragón MP1 [Caja II] C 50 chart/371 no lean I E ✓ ✓
95 Soler, Rafel 1425-50 Berlin Humboldt Univ. H 14-12 C 52 chart/370 ✓ no lean I M E ✓
110 Pareto 1455 Rome Bib. Naz. Cent.Vit.Em.II Carte Naut. 1 C 57 chart/185 ✓ ✓ slight lean I M ✓ ✓
111 Bertran & Ripoll 1456 Greenwich National Maritime Mus G230:1/7 MS C 58 chart/386 ✓ slight lean I E
118 Roselli 1462 Paris BnF Cartes et Plans C 5090 C 64 chart/389 ✓ (✓) no lean I M E ✓ ✓
119 Benincasa 1463 London British Library Add MS 18454 A 33 atlas/43 ✓ ✓ no lean I M
161 (Italian) 1469+ Paris BnF Manuscrits MS. Ital. 1698 _ atlas/186 ✓ slight lean I
162 (Italian) 1469+ Paris BnF Manuscrits MS. Ital. 1710 _ atlas/185 ✓ slight lean I M E
Helsingør
atlas		 atlas/712 ✓ ✓ ✓
& within word		 ✓ ✓& other form heavy lean I M E ✓ ✓

Catalan (i.e., Palma, Majorca) entries are in green

(The first two entries above are not strictly relevant but the Beccari chart (1403) shows us that several of the Helsingør letter forms were in use at the beginning of the 15th century, and the Luxoro Atlas was included because its format (but not toponymy) was the model for the Helsingør Atlas).

Back to contents

Table 6 How the charts handled St George's name

Chartmaker Date Where made /
school		 A
giorgio		 B
zorzi / zorzo / ziorzi		 C
çorçi / çiorçi		 D
jordi / jorge /
iordi / iorgi		 san vito (instead
of George)
Helsingør Atlas ✓ one instance
56 Luxoro Atlas (Cesanis) pre 1421 Venice ✓ one instance ✓
57 Cesanis, Francesco 1421 Venice ✓ ✓
69 Briaticho, Cola de 1430 (Italian) ✓
71 Beccari, Batista 1435 Genoa ✓ ✓
72 Bianco, Andrea (illegible) 1436 Venice
73,
86		 Vallseca, Gabriel de 1439, 1449 Catalan ✓ ✓ ✓
75 Ziroldi, Giacomo 1443 Venice ✓ ✓
85 Nicolai, Nicolò 1448 Venice ✓ one instance
94,95 Soler, Rafel 1425-50 Catalan ✓ one instance
110 Pareto, Bartolomeo 1455 Genoa ✓ ✓
111 Bertran & Ripoll 1456 Catalan ✓
115 119 Benincasa, Grazioso 1461, 1463 Genoa
Venice etc		 ✓
✓
117 Fiorino, Nicolò 1462 Venice ✓
127 Roselli, Petrus 1466 Catalan ✓ ✓
139 Parma, ASBP 1621 1460s? (Venetian) ✓
162 BnF, Ital. 1710 1469+ (Italian) ✓
161 BnF, Ital 1698 1469+ (Italian) ✓ ✓ + george

Catalan (i.e., Palma, Majorca) entries are in green

Back to contents

Table 7 Comparing styles seen on the Helsingør Atlas and Benincasa's early productions, with those on previous Italian charts

Highlighting in the first column:

Blue – shared between the Helsingør Atlas and Benincasa

Red – shared between the Helsingør Atlas and Benincasa – and not noted elsewhere

Location Venetian
Venice, Marciana
It.IV.493		 Italian
Florence, Arch. C.N.11		 Italian
Barcelona,
Arch. Aragon
MP1		 Venetian Lyons, Bib. de la Ville MS 179 Venetian
Rovigo, Silv.182		 Venetian
Parma, Arch., II.32,1624		 Venetian
Vatican, Lat. 9015		 Venetian,(Ziroldi)
Milan, Ambrosiana
SP2.39		 ZIROLDI New York, Hispanic, K4 NICOLAI Vienna, Öst NB Cod.410* PARETO
Rome, Bib.Naz.
Carte Naut.1		 FIORINO
Vienna, Öst NB
K.II.100.725		 BECCARI,
Batista
Parma, Arch. II.21.1613		 Helsingør Atlas BENINCASA
Florence, Arch. di Stato, C.N.5
Campbell Sort No. 90 92 93 97 99 100 101 77 83 85 110 117 71 115
Date 1425-50 1425-50 1425-50 1425-50 1425-50 1425-50 1425-50 c.1446 1447 1448 1455 1462 1435 1461
Pujades 'Cartes Portolanes' A26 C49 C50 A28 A29 A30 A31 A21 C45 A23 C57 A32 C39 --- C62
MEDEA A.31 C.155 C.371 A.28 A.166 A.32 A.24 A.35 C.375 A.37 C.185 A.41 C.72 A.712 C.148
BRITISH ISLES ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
1 I de till (myth.) + Label/button Br-- =Go? Br-- Br-- | | | | | | | | | R-- R+L empty R+L
2 scurçe (myth.) + Label Be&Br-- Br-- ? | | | | Gn&Be-- Be&R | ? | Go?-- R ?
3 Man (Cross) Be (Cr) R (Cr) R (Cr) Go (R) Be (Cr?) Be (Cr) Pi (Cr?) Go (Cr) R (Cr) | 4 dots | Be? (Cr) Be 3-armed Be (Cr)
4 Scillies (small L / large R ?) X R&Br[N/S?] ? ? R/Be ? R/Be R/R ? | ? | R/Be R & Be R?&Gn?
5 I. of Wight Br Br ? Go Br Be? Go? Be R | Go? | R Gy R
6 Ireland (Edging/Wash) X X X X X X X X X | X | Gn (E) Gn (E) Br (E)
7 Scotland (Edging/Wash) X X X X X | | X X | X | ? Gy (E) M (E)
8 Eng. & Wales (Edging/Wash) X X X X X X X X X | X | Br (E) M (E) Gn (E)
ATLANTIC ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
9 montorio/brazil + Label/button Br-- Br-- R-- | | Br +Label
(serrated)		 M +Label
(serrated)		 ? | | ? | Go?-- Gy M+L
serrated
10 man (myth.) +Label Be-- R-- X | | Pi +Label Go+Label ? | | 2-col. button | Be-- Be ? --
CANARIES: ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
11 Hierro [ferro] Be Br Br? | | | | ? | | | | Be? | ?
12 [La] Palma Be Bk R? | | | | ? | | | | Be? | ?
13 Gomera Br R ? | | | | ? | | | | Br? | ?
14 Tenerife [inferno] + centrepiece (Teide) Be+W Bk+W ?+? | | | | ? | | | | R+W | R+W
" centre shape (cog/CIrcle/4-leaf clover/cross) CI red dot inside
white circle		 red circle | | | | ? | | | | cog-wheel | clover?
15 [Gran] Canaria Br Br ? | | | | Be | | | | Br? | Gy?
16 Fuerteventura Be Bk ? | | | | ? | | | | Gn | ?
17 Lanzarote + cross Br+W Br&R +W ?+ R | --- ---- --- --- | | | | Bk?+R | W+R
W. MEDITERRANEAN ---- --- --- --- --- ---- --- --- ---- --- ---- --- ---- --- ----
18 Formentera All | All R R R R Gn Gn? Gn Pi R R R R
19 Ibiza the | cols Gn Gn+Label Pi Go Be Be Be Be Be Be Be Be
20 Majorca + stripes col- | look R-- Br-- Be-- Pi-- Gy?-- Go-- Go Pi Go Gy-- Go+R ? +R
" No. & orientation of red stripes ours | the +Label 7 Labels 6 Labels 3 Labels +Label +Label +Label +Label +Label X ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄
21 Minorca look | same R Be +Label Br Be Gy? R M? R Br? Br? Gn Gn
22 Rhône Del. (L-ploughshape) the | ? Gn Gn Be Gn Be Go Go Gn Be Gn Gy Be
23 " + red 'a' of aiguemorte same | X ? X a X X X a X a a a X a
24 Rhône Del. (R - 1 or 2 is.) | All 1 R 1 Br 1 R 1 Go 1 Gy 1 Be 1 Be 2 Be&R 1 Gn 2 R&Be 2 R 2 R
25 Corsica (col. Edging/Wash) X | Gn (W) X X X X X X X X X Gn (E) Gn (E) Be (E)
26 Sardinia (col. Edging/Wash) X | M (W) X X X X X X X X X Pi? (E) M (E) M? (E)
27 Sicily (col. Edging/Wash) X X Be (W) X X X Gn (E) X X X X X Y? (E) Gn (E) Gn (E)
28 Malta R Gn Gn +Label Be Gn Go? Go Go Go Gn? Si? Go Y?
29 Gozo ? R R R Pi Be Be Be? R R R R R
IONIAN ISLANDS ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
30 corfu (Kerkyra) R Be Br +Label Pi +Label Pi +Label Gn Gn? Be Be Go R M ( R
31 Paxos (Cross / ' I ' / ' K ') ? (Cr) ? R (Cr) Be (Cr) R (Cr) Be (Cr) Gy (Cr) Go (Cr) Go||R (Cr) R (Cr) Be?(Cr) ? (Cr) R (Cr) R (Cr)
32 sca maura (Lefkada) R Be Gn Br Br? Be Be Be Be? Go Be Gn X
33 ithaca (Ithaki) R? R R R R ? ? R R Gn R R R
34 cefalonia (Kefallonia) Be? Be Be +Label Be Gn ? ? Go Be Be ? Be Be
35 jacinto (Zakynthos/Zante) R R Br +Label Pi Pi? Pi? ? R Gn R R Go R
AEGEAN ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
36 stalimene (Limnos) R R Br +Label Gn +Label Br Be Be Be Be Be | Be Be
" " ['lollipop' projections] X X X X (✓) X (✓) (✓) ✓ (1) ✓ (5?) (✓) | ✓ (5?) ✓ (5)
37 metali (Lesbos) + Label ? +Label X Gn +4 Labels Br +4 Labels Gn +Label ? + Label Go+ Label Go +Label (Gn) Go +Label | Gn +L
empty		 M +L
38 sio (Chios) +Label or red cross R R cross on
W		 Br +3 Labels Be +2 Labels Pi +Label Go? R M? X R | Go Gn +L
39 schiro (Skyros) ? R Be +Label Pi Be Be Be Be Be Be | R R
40 rhodes + cross & Label R & Label R+W Br & 3 Labels || R & 2 Labels Br & 3 Labels Pi & Label ? & Label Go & Label Go-- +Label R +Si? M?+W | R+W R+W
BLACK SEA ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
41 large islands (no./ colour) X X }5 is: in 3 X X X X }7 is:
in 3 		X } 8 is: in 5 } 8 is: X | 1 Gn X
42 small islands (no./ colour) X X } cols? X X X X } cols 1 Be } cols } uncol. X | 1 R 1 Gn?
DNIPRO ESTUARY: ---- --- --- --- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- --- ---- --- ---- --- ----
43 2 thin islands (east/west):
Tendrovskaya Kosa (?)		 Go&Go ? &R ? R&R Be&Br Be&Br Gn&Pi Go&Be R& ? Be&Go X Be&R | Be&Be Be&Be
44 small island to east of that:
Os. Dzharylgach (?)		 ? ? ? R Be R Be ? ? Gn R ? | R R
45 large i'd to west (porto bo) +Label X X } 3 is: X Gn +Label Be +Label Go +Label }3 is: Be, ?
& Gn; 		? +Label Be&Go X Gn? +
Label		 | Gn M?
46 smaller island to east of that Go R } R Br +Label R +Label Pi } striped Be+Label M? R Go | R Gn
EAST COAST: ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
47 faxio/fasso (Enguri estuary) Circle / SPanner-head / Diamond / etc R (Ci) X ? R (Ci) Br (?) Gn? (?) R (?) Be (Ci) R (Ci) Go (Ci) R (SP) R (Ci) | uncol’d R (SP)
NILE DELTA ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
48 west island (single, large) } X } X } ? } X } X } R + 3 } X Be R Be } R } Go | } Gn } X
49 middle island (separate) } } } } } } Labels } Gy Be Go } } | } }
50 east island(s) - no./colour) Bk R ? R Be Be Go? Gn Go M? (Gn) Be | Be Be
51 " + red 'da'/ 'd' of damiata (da) (da) (d) X d d da d x x d d | d d

Back to contents

Table 8 Summarising the unusual features on the Helsingør Atlas

Table 2 Table 3 Table4 Table 6 Table 5
The corner triangles “Lacus Fortunatus” legend Eight unusual, features Isle of Man Saint George spelling Letter forms, see PowerPoint slides 10 & 11
Sort date Author Dated Location
(current)		 Institution
or individual		 Call
number		 Pujades
Atlas
Chart		 MEDEA medea.fc.ul. pt/view/chart/ (or /atlas) 2 lines the same =
Isosceles		 starting thus 3 out of the
eight		 strange shape ‘giorgio’ e G i
dot on ‘i’		 r S
slight lean
46 Beccari, F. 1403 New Haven Yale Univ. Lib
Beinecke		 Art Object 1980.158 C 25 chart/81 --- ✓ 1
56 Luxoro Atlas [F.Cesanis] pre-1421 Genoa Bib. Berio A 14 atlas/168 ✓ 1
71 Beccari, Batista 1435 Parma Arch. di Stato Bib.Pal. II,21,1613 C 39 chart/72 --- ✓ 1
73 Vallseca 1439 Barcelona Bib. de Catalunya
(Mus.Mar.)		 (inv. 3236) C 40 chart/90 --- ✓ ✓ 2
90 Venetian (cf. C.49) 1425-50 Venice Bib. Naz. Marciana It.IV, 493 (5077) mixed A 26 atlas/31 ✓ 1
93 (Italian) 1425-50 Barcelona Arch. Corona de Aragón MP1 [Caja II] C 50 chart/371 --- ✓ 1
110 Pareto, Bartolomeo 1455 Rome Bib. Naz. Cent.Vit.Em.II Carte Naut. 1 C 57 chart/185 --- ✓ ✓ 2
111 Bertran & Ripoll 1456 Greenwich National Maritime Mus G230:1/7 MS C 58 chart/386 --- ✓ ✓ 2
119 Benincasa, G. 1463 London British Library Add MS 18454 A 33 atlas/43 ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 5
139 (Venetian) 1460s? Parma Arch. di Stato Bib.Pal. II,29,1621 A 42 atlas/42 ✓ ✓ 2
164 (Italian) 1465-8 Milan Bib. Trivulz. Cod.no.2295 _ atlas/145 ✓ ✓ 2
161 (Italian) 1469+ Paris BnF Manuscrits MS. Ital. 1698 _ atlas/186 ✓ ✓ 2
162 (Italian) 1469+ Paris BnF Manuscrits MS. Ital. 1710 _ atlas/185 ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 5
Helsingør Museet for Søfart atlas/712 ✓ ✓ ✓ ☆ ✓ ☆ ✓ ✓ ✓ ☆
full lean

☆ Not seen anywhere else: three unique (?) features

Catalan (i.e., Palma, Majorca) entries are in green

The purple entries highlight the handwriting columns

Back to contents

Table 9 Names first noted on dated charts or atlases in the period 1435-80

Yes in the right column highlights the four 1461 or 1462 toponyms, the only ones for which no earlier undated instance has been found

Sorted
geograph-
ically		 'a' 'b' 'c'
etc		 Modern name Name on the chart Coastal section Date first seen Chartmaker Comments Included on the Helsingør Atlas?
43 Lessay iexuj 1. France (N) 1435 Beccari, B. x
458 san suspir / spixo 8. Italy (NW) 1435 Beccari, B. x
461 San Remo sepe / san remo[lo] 8. Italy (NW) 1435 Beccari, B. in ‘Lo compasso’ (mid 14th c.) yes
479 Sestri Ponente (?) sestri 8. Italy (NW) 1435 Beccari, B. x
513 Scarlino scarlim 8. Italy (NW) 1435 Beccari, B. x
539 a scaulli 8. Italy (NW) 1435 Beccari, B. x
616 Corigliano coriano / toriliano 10. Italy (S) 1435 Beccari, B. x
1673 Salakta scarlata 29. Tunisia 1435 Beccari, B. x
1765 g.serem 30. Algeria 1435 Beccari, B. yes
221 d Coimbra? churnbra 4. Sp & Port (W) 1436 Bianco x
697 b san tomaxio 12. Italy (NE) 1436 Bianco x
1077 e Ropotamo R. crapotimo 19. Black Sea (W&N) 1436 Bianco x
155 Luanco luanco 3. Spain (N) 1439 Vallseca x
376 Torm, El tormo 6. Spain (E) 1439 Vallseca x
1421 a Karaagac adasi la mua 25. Asia Minor (S) 1439 Vallseca x
1166 a Tobechts'ke Lake ? nipi 20. Crimea 1443 Ziroldi x
1273 a Akcay D. crios 22. Black Sea (S) 1443 Ziroldi x
1285 b p.armiz / p amon 22. Black Sea (S) 1443 Ziroldi x
99 bornac / borneque }? 2. France (W) 1448 Bianco the only 1448 Bianco ‘first’ yes
269 a criones 5. Port. & Spain (S) 1448 Nicolai x
1115 a icera 19. Black Sea (W&N) 1448 Nicolai x
385 Vilassar, Cap de c.bellasar 6. Spain (E) 1449 Roselli x
453 c Villefranche-sur- Mer villa franca 7. France (S) 1455 Pareto yes
499 Pietrasanta pria / petra santa 8. Italy (NW) 1455 Pareto .[can read ‘etra s...’] yes
619 c Rocca Imperiale roca imperial 10. Italy (S) 1461 Benincasa earlier Venetian x
850 a Kotorska, Boka g.de cataro 13. Istria & Dal. 1461 Benincasa x
910 Antirrhion-Huk c.sco andrea 15. Greece (W) 1461 Benincasa x
931 Loutra Hilinis / Hlemoutsi (castel) tornexe / turnesi 16. Peloponnese 1461 Benincasa x
934 sco elia 16. Peloponnese 1461 Benincasa x
953 Iri [vasilo] potamo 16. Peloponnese 1461 Benincasa earlier Venetian x
1056 Eceabat malido 18. Turkey (Eur) 1461 Benincasa on Vat. Lat.9015 x
1059 a pandio 18. Turkey (Eur) 1461 Benincasa in ‘Lo compasso’ (mid 14th c.) yes
1338 Mundanya / Mudania [la]montanea } 23. Marmora (E) 1461 Benincasa yes
1347 Cunilliere /coniere 23. Marmora (E) 1461 Benincasa on the Parma atlas, c.1425-50 yes ?
1351 Kemer camarre } 23. Marmora (E) 1461 Benincasa ditto yes
1365 scorpiata 24. Asia Minor (W) 1461 Benincasa ditto yes
1406 S. Pietro petruni 24. Asia Minor (W) 1461 Benincasa x
1512 tauilla 26. E. Mediterranean 1461 Benincasa yes
1543 (river) chalixene 27. Egypt 1461 Benincasa earlier Venetian yes
1555 Alexandria (old) alessandria vechia 27. Egypt 1461 Benincasa on the Parma atlas, c.1425-50 yes
1628 Naim, En naim 28. Libya 1461 Benincasa x
1683 Fartass, Ra's el safrana 29. Tunisia 1461 Benincasa x
407 a vaibona azcela 7. France (S) 1462 Fiorino x
619 cupo 10. Italy (S) 1462 Fiorino earlier Venetian x
663 b oleua 11. Italy (SE) 1462 Roselli x
697 c sco lupidi 12. Italy (NE) 1462 Fiorino on the Rovigo atlas, c.1425-50 (Pujades A29) yes
702 Sorvoli siruolo 12. Italy (NE) 1462 Fiorino earlier Venetian yes
710 Cateian, Monte [monte] cateiam 12. Italy (NE) 1462 Fiorino earlier Venetian yes
723 a Pineta pignea 12. Italy (NE) 1462 Fiorino yes
848 Herceg Novi castel nuovo 13. Istria & Dal. 1462 Fiorino yes
879 Himare laçimera / cimara / camera 14. Albania 1462 Fiorino earlier Venetian yes
1171 d gorgiti 20. Crimea 1462 Fiorino x
1171 e [l]agotia 20. Crimea 1462 Fiorino earlier Venetian x
335 Mata, La la mata 6. Spain (E) 1463 Benincasa x
895 Parga barga / parga 15. Greece (W) 1463 Benincasa x
903 bondiça 15. Greece (W) 1463 Benincasa x
1153 Hurzuf gorçui 20. Crimea 1463 Benincasa x
1236 a Kumeni ya de chochi 21. Black Sea (N&E) 1463 Benincasa x
1534 la costa 27. Egypt 1463 Benincasa x
1685 a Goulette, La (Tunis harbour) la goletta 29. Tunisia 1463 Benincasa x
466 Mele-d'Andora, C. c.de mele } 8. Italy (NW) 1465 Benincasa x
608 a Squillace, Golfo di g.de schillaci 10. Italy (S) 1465 Benincasa x
1207 a [s.] fimen / finian / nine 21. Black Sea (N&E) 1466 Roselli x
1405 f exi passara 24. Asia Minor (W) 1467 Benincasa x
1556 d farillion 27. Egypt 1467 Benincasa x
284 b Algeciras } ALGEÇIRA (in red) 5. Port. & Sp (S) 1468 Benincasa x
327 b coruo 6. Spain (E) 1468 Benincasa x
724 a Peretolo peretto[lo] 12. Italy (NE) 1468 Benincasa x
580 a paolla 9. Italy (SW) 1469 Benincasa x
1386 Cesme pasago 24. Asia Minor (W) 1470 Nicolai ?
659 a matinatella 11. Italy (SE) 1472 Benincasa x
772 a Limski Canal (bocha de) leme 13. Istria & Dal. 1472 Benincasa x
872 a g.de la velona 14. Albania 1472 Benincasa x
1107 a Kiliya? chieli 19. Black Sea (W&N) 1480 Benincasa x

Back to contents

Table 10 Comparing the spelling of the toponyms introduced in the period 1435-62 and their forms on those included in the Helsingør Atlas

'a' 'b' 'c' Modern name Name form in the first instance on a dated chart Name form in the
Helsingør Atlas		 Date first seen Chartmaker involved Comment
461 San Remo (s) remo san r()mo 1435 Beccari, B. in ‘Lo compasso’ (mid 13th century)
1765 g. de serem g.de serem 1435 Beccari, B.
99 bornach bomach 1448 Bianco the only 1448 Bianco ‘first’
453 c Villefranche-sur- Mer villa fran()a vila franca 1455 Pareto the only Pareto ‘first’
499 Pietrasanta pria sancta pria s(anto) 1461 Benincasa
1059 a panido p()nido 1461 Benincasa in ‘Lo compasso’ (mid 13th century)
1338 Mundanya / Mudania montanea montanea 1461 Benincasa
1347 canilliere coniere 1461 Benincasa on the Parma atlas, c.1425-50
1351 Kemer camar () camera 1461 Benincasa ditto
1365 scorpiata scorpiata 1461 Benincasa ditto
1512 tauilla ()uilla 1461 Benincasa
1543 chalizene calliczene 1461 Benincasa a river; earlier Venetian
1555 Alexandria (old) alessandria vechia alesandria (+ ?) 1461 Benincasa on the Parma atlas, c.1425-50
697 c (san lupidio) s()lopidio 1462 Fiorino on the Rovigo atlas, c.1425-50 (Pujades A29)
702 Sorvoli ( uoll] suriolli 1462 Fiorino earlier Venetian
710 Cateian, Monte monte cat()am monte catiam 1462 Fiorino earlier Venetian
723 a Pineta pignea pinea 1462 Fiorino
848 Herceg Novi castel nouo castel nouo 1462 Fiorino
879 Himare (cimera) c()mara 1462 Fiorino earlier Venetian

{Unfortunately, the reproduction of Fiorino’s atlas/chart hybrid – a unique arrangement on two sheets broken down into regional sections with no consistent orientation – was not always clear enough for confident transcription, in both the Pujades DVD, A.32, and Medea /atlas/41. When an available image is only in medium resolution it can be possible to identify some elements but usually not the spelling of the toponyms.}

Back to contents

Table 11 The limited recurrence of nine names included on the Helsingør Atlas

Blue headings = subsequent repetition of selected introductions between 1435 and 1455

Red headings = the four Helsingør names not reported before 1461-1462

Green ticks = the first appearance of that name

Over 50 charts and atlases were considered. The numbers in the first column refer to the Campbell Excel listing: https://www.maphistory.info/PortolanChartsChronologicalListing.xls

Author Dated Location (current) Institution Call number Pujades
Atlas
Chart		 MEDEA medea.fc.ul. pt/view/ 99
bornac		 1765
g.
serem		 453
villa
franca		 461
san
remo		 499
pietra
santa		 723
a pi(g)-
nea		 848
castel
nouo		 1338
mont-
aneo		 1512
tauilla
First seen 1448 Bianco 1435
Becc.		 1455
Pareto		 1435 Becc. 1455
Pareto		 1462 Fiorino 1462 Fiorino 1461
Ben.		 1461
Ben.
71 Beccari, Batista 1435 Parma Arch. di Stato Bib.Pal. II,21,1613 C 39 /chart/72 ✓ ✓
84 Bianco 1448 Milan Bib. Ambrosiana F.260 Inf.(1) C 46 /chart/89 ✓
110 Pareto, Bartolomeo 1455 Rome Bib. Naz. Cent.Vit.Em.II Carte Naut. 1 C 57 /chart/185 ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
101 1425-50 Vatican Biblioteca Vat.Lat. 9015 A 31 /atlas/24 ✓ ---
111 Bertran & Ripoll 1456 Greenwich National Maritime Mus G230:1/7 MS C 58 /chart/386 ✓ ✓
115 Benincasa 1461 Florence Arch. di Stato C.N. 5 C 62 /chart/148 ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
117 Fiorino, Nicolò 1462 Vienna Öst. Nat. Bib. K.II.100.725 A 32 /atlas/41 ✓ ✓ ✓
139 Benincasa style 1460s? Parma Arch. di Stato Bib.Pal. II,29,1621 A 42 /atlas/42 ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
160 (Roselli) Paris BnF Cartes et Plans C 15118 _ /chart/601 ✓
161 Benincasa style 1469+ Paris BnF Manuscrits MS. Ital. 1698 _ /atlas/186 ✓ ✓ ✓
162 Benincasa style 1469+ Paris BnF Manuscrits MS. Ital. 1710 _ /atlas/185 ✓ cauo
del
serem		 ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
164 Benincasa style 1468+ Milan Bib. Trivulz Cod.no.2295 _ /atlas/145 ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Helsingør Atlas /atlas/712 ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

Back to contents

Table 12 Charts and atlases reliably dated from 1430 up to the 1460s or possibly made during that period

Sort date Author Dated Location
(current)		 Institution or individual Call number Pujades
Atlas
Chart		 Chart / Atlas
sheets		 Where made MEDEA medea.fc.ul. pt/view/chart/
(or /atlas)
9 Vesconte, Pietro 1318 Vienna Öst. Nat. Bib. MS 594 A 3 A10 Venice atlas/140
11 Vesconte, Pietro c.1321 Lyons Bib. de la ville MS 175 A 5 A 7 Venice atlas/122
29 1350-1400 Paris BnF Manuscrits MS. Lat. 4850 A 9 A 7 (Genoese) atlas/141
31 Pizzigano, F. 1373 Milan Bib. Ambrosiana SP10, 29 [SP II.2] A 10 A 5 Venice atlas/142
44 Corbitis Atlas c.1400 Venice Bib. Naz. Marciana It.VI, 213 (5982) A 11 A 4 (Venetian) atlas/144
46 Beccari, F. 1403 New Haven Yale Univ. Lib., Beinecke Art Object 1980.158 C 25 C Savona chart/81
54 1400-25 Venice Museo Storico Navale Ms 1749 A 15 C/A1 (Venetian) chart/470 (-)
56 Luxoro Atlas [F.Cesanis] pre-1421 Genoa Bib. Berio A 14 A 8 (Venetian) atlas/168
57 Cesanis, Francesco 1421 Venice Civico Museo (Correr) Port. 13 C 32 C Venice chart/471
65 Ziroldi (except Adriatic) 1426 Venice Bib. Naz. Marciana It.VI, 212 (5694) A 16 A 6 (Venetian) atlas/167
69 Briaticho, cola de 1430 Siena Bib. Com. SV2 A 17 A3 (Italian) atlas/22 (?)
70 ‘Pinelli-Walckenaer Atlas’ (Adriatic & Aegean sheets) c.1434 London British Library Add MS 19510 A 12 (b) (Venetian) atlas/143
71 Beccari, Batista 1435 Parma Arch. di Stato Bib.Pal. II,21,1613 C 39 C Genoa chart/72
72 Bianco, Andrea 1436 Venice Bib. Naz. Marciana It.Z, 76 (4783) A 18 A7 Venice atlas/23
73 Vallseca 1439 Barcelona Bib. de Catalunya (Mus.Mar.) (inv. 3236) C 40 C Majorca chart/90
74 Vallseca workshop? c.1440 Florence Bib. Naz. Centrale Port. 16 C 41 C Majorca chart/372
75 Ziroldi, Giacomo 1443 Milan Bib. Ambrosiana SP 2, 38 [SP II.3] A 19 A6 Venice atlas/33 (-)
76 Ziroldi 1446 Florence Accad. T. di S. e L. 229 (II.II.I.17) A 20 A6 Venice atlas/34
77 Ziroldi [+] c.1446 Milan Bib. Ambrosiana SP 2, 39 [SP II 8] A 21 A6 (Venetian) atlas/35 (-)
78 Ziroldi [+] c.1446 Chicago Newberry Library Smith, Ayer Coll.2 A 22 A6 (Venetian) atlas/36
79 Roselli 1447 (Chicago) (Kenneth Nebenzahl) _ C Majorca chart/377 (-)
80 Vallseca 1447 Paris BnF Cartes et Plans C 4607 C 42 C Majorca chart/378
81 Vallseca workshop? c.1447 Paris BnF Cartes et Plans D 3005 C 43 C (frags) Majorca chart/379
82 Roselli 1447 Volterra Mus e Bib Guarnacciana MS C.N. 1BG C 44 C Majorca chart/376
83 Ziroldi 1447 New York Hispanic Society K 4 C 45 C Venice chart/375 (-)
84 Bianco 1448 Milan Bib. Ambrosiana F.260 Inf.(1) C 46 C ‘London’ i.e. Venice chart/89
85 Nicolai, Nicolò 1448 Vienna Öst. Nat. Bib. Cod.410* A 23 A6 Venice atlas/37
86 Vallseca, Gabriel de 1449 Florence Arch. di Stato C.N.22 C 47 C Majorca chart/61
87 Roselli, Petrus 1449 Karlsruhe Badischen Landes-bib. S6 C 48 C Majorca chart/380
88 Ziroldi [+] 1425-50 Vatican Biblioteca Rossi. 676 A 24 A5 (Venetian) atlas/25
90 Venetian (cf. C.49) 1425-50 Venice Bib. Naz. Marciana It.IV, 493 (5077) mixed A 26 A4 (Venetian) atlas/31
91 Ziroldi [+] 1425-50 London British Library Add MS 18665 A 27 A5 (Venetian) atlas/29
92 (cf. A.26) 1425-50 Florence Arch. di Stato C.N.11 C 49 C (Italian) chart/155
93 1425-50 Barcelona Arch. Corona de Aragón MP1 [Caja II] C 50 C (Italian) chart/371
94 Soler, Rafel [+] 1425-50 Paris BnF Cartes et Plans B 8268 C 51 C Majorca chart/366
95 Soler, Rafel 1425-50 Berlin Humboldt Univ. H 14-12 C 52 C Majorca chart/370
96 Medici Atlas - (Adriatic & Aegean) 1425-50 Florence Bib. Medicea-Laur. Gaddi. Rel. 9 A 25 (b) A6 (Italian) atlas/30
97 1425-50 Lyon Bib. de la ville MS 179 A 28 A4 (Venetian) atlas/28
98 Cesanis, F. ['Cornaro Atlas', c.1489] --- London British Library Egerton MS 73, ff.14-15 [1] Cor 2 C (Adr.) Venice [chart/1958]
99 (cf. A.30) 1425-50 Rovigo Bib. Com. e Concord. 41 (6,6,6) [Silv.182] A 29 A8 (Venetian) atlas/166 (-)
100 (cf. A.29) 1425-50 Parma Arch. di Stato Bib.Pal. II,32,1624 A 30 A4 (Venetian) atlas/32
101 (cf. A.16b) 1425-50 Vatican Vatican Vat.Lat. 9015 A 31 A3 (Venetian) atlas/24
102 (cf. A.31) - Adriatic only 15th c Venice Bib. Naz. Marciana It.VI, 212 (5694) A 16 b) A6 (Venetian) atlas/167
103 Cesanis, F. ['Cornaro Atlas', c.1489] --- London British Library Egerton MS 73, ff.14-15 [2] Cor 3 C (Adr.) Venice atlas/38
104 Genoese (B.Beccari?) 1425-50 ?? Sidney R. Knafel C 53 C (Genoese) chart/369
105 E.16 1425-50 (Ohio) (Bruce Ferrini) _ A6 (Italian) atlas/169
106 Cesanis, A. ['Cornaro Atlas', c.1489] --- London British Library Egerton MS 73, ff.16-18, 24-8 Cor 5 C (6) Venice atlas/38
107 Fiorino, N. ['Cornaro Atlas', c.1489] --- London British Library Egerton MS 73, ff.11-14 Cor 6 C (3) Venice chart/1955, 1956, 1957
108 Nicolai ['Cornaro Atlas', c.1489] --- London British Library Egerton MS 73, ff.23 Cor 7 C (Aeg.) Venice atlas/38
109 mid 15th c Istanbul Topkapi Sarayi 1827 (49360/2757) C 56 C/map (frag) (Italian) chart/374 (-)
109a [Soler family?] 1440-60 Ghent University Library BHSL.HS.0080/2 C (part) Majorca chart/5530
110 Pareto, Bartolomeo 1455 Rome Bib. Naz. Cent.Vit.Em.II Carte Naut. 1 C 57 C Genoa chart/185
111 Bertran & Ripoll 1456 Greenwich National Maritime Mus G230:1/7 MS C 58 C Barcelona chart/386
112 Roselli 1456 Chicago Newberry Library Smith, Ayer Coll.3 C 59 C Majorca chart/387
113 Pelechan, Antonio 1459 Venice Arch. di Stato LXXXV no.1 C 60 C Crete chart/388 (-)
114 Ibrāhīm al-Mursī (Arabic) -1461 Istanbul Deniz Müzesi 882 C 61 C (Arabic) chart/827
115 Benincasa, G. 1461 Florence Arch. di Stato C.N. 5 C 62 C Genoa chart/148
116 Benincasa, G. c.1461 Florence Arch. di Stato C.N. 6 C 63 C Genoa chart/149
117 Fiorino, Nicolò 1462 Vienna Öst. Nat. Bib. K.II.100.725 A 32 A2 (8) Venice atlas/41
118 Roselli 1462 Paris BnF Cartes et Plans C 5090 C 64 C Majorca chart/389
119 Benincasa, Grazioso 1463 London British Library Add MS 18454 A 33 A5 Venice atlas/43
125 E.19 1460-70 (New York) (H.P. Kraus) --- 6 on 1 sheet (Venetian) ---
127 Roselli 1466 Minneapolis James Ford Bell Library 1466 mRo C 67 Majorca chart/181
139 1460s? Parma Arch. di Stato Bib.Pal. II,29,1621 A 42 A4 (Venetian) atlas/42
159 E.13 1450-1500 Palma de Mallorca Arxiu del Regne de Mallorca C 76 C (frag) (Italian) chart/604 (-)
160 (Roselli) 1460s? Paris BnF Cartes et Plans C 15118 ---- C Majorca chart/601
164 1465-8 Milan Bib. Trivulz Cod.no.2295 ---- A5 (Italian) atlas/145
161 1469+ Paris BnF Manuscrits MS. Ital. 1698 ----_ A8 (Italian) atlas/186
162 1469+ Paris BnF Manuscrits MS. Ital. 1710 ---- A6 (Italian) atlas/185
165 1469+ Istanbul Topkapi Sarayi Deissmann 47 ---- A11 (Italian) atlas/155

The numbers in the first column are from ‘A complete chronological listing of portolan charts assigned to the period pre-1501’: https://www.maphistory.info/PortolanChartsChronologicalListing.xls

(-) Indicates that there are no Medea reproductions but – when shown in green – most of the images are available in the 2007 Pujades DVD

For the E.13 and E.16 entries see: https://maphistory.info/portolanextra.html

Back to contents